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Studies on handwashing
Research Methodology for Health and Social Care
Literature review on research of proper handwashing
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Internal and External Validity
The internal validity is, that because nurse know they are being observed they will be more cautious on how they perform all types of procedures and not just hand washing. If the nurses are more cautious than this can have an effect on the results. Because nurses are being more cautious that might be another factor on why the numbers of hospital acquired infections are reducing. The external validity in this study is the population’s age group. This study will focus on patients ages 40-60. Because a specific age group is being studied it is not known whether this method will have the same effect on the other different age groups.
Human Subjects Protection
This study will maintain every patient’s confidentiality who participate in this study. Only results of the study will be shared. To
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follow the Institutional Review guidelines, Patients who are admitted to the emergency service department who meet the requirements of the population being used will all get an informed consent (2015). Patients will be told that there is no guarantee that they will be used for the study since it is a random selection. To ensure patient safety, for every patient care a type of hand hygiene will be used. There will be no change in hand sanitizers or soaps to ensure that patients do not have any allergic reactions if products are changed. Application to Nursing Practice This study applies to nursing in many ways. The University of Michigan Health Systems states that “infections can be prevented in the hospital if health care providers use proper hand hygiene (2015).” They also state , “Keeping hands clean is an important way to avoid getting sick or spreading germs to patients, coworkers, etc (2015).” The first thing a nursing student learns in nursing school is how to wash hands. It is explained that for patients’ and students’ safety, hands must be washed or sanitized before and after every patient contact, going to the restroom, eating or smoking. Finding the best method to help with the prevention of hospital acquired infections is very important in nursing. Health care workers’ job is to help a patient get better not make their condition worse. This study will help nurses as well as any health care worker evaluate each method and determine which will benefit the patients more. Barriers to Application One of the barriers that can be encountered when trying to apply the results to clinical practice is the nurses’ willingness to follow the instructions. After working with a specific method it is hard to change it all of a sudden. Nurses might not like to change their daily routine especially if they are not sure on how well it works or the harm it might cause them. If hands are wash too frequently it can have a damaging effect to hands (Michaels, 2014). Another barrier that can be encountered is the age group of the population can alter the results. For example, if for the first six week when selecting patients at random, patients in their forties are selected more frequently than people in their fifties that will affect results. There might not be many people that are affected by hospital acquired infections. Patients who are older are more prone to contracting a hospital acquired infection than people in their fifties (2014). If by weeks seven through twelve more patients are in their fifties the number of hospital acquired infection may increase and vice versa. Conclusion Even though many people do not believe hand sanitizing helps kill bacteria and helps prevent hospital acquired infections, it does.
The studies provided in the literature review prove that. It is believed that hand washing is the best thing to do to kill bacteria but as study show hand sanitizing is more efficient (Michaels, 2014). The experiment mentioned before done at the University College of Health Studies proves that hand sanitizing is the best way to kill bacteria in hands (2015). The best way to prevent hospital acquired infections is to wash hands in situations where it is necessary, like when hands are visibly soiled, and use hand sanitizer in situations that are appropriate. In other words use your judgment. Because studies also show that washing hands too often can have damaging effects to hands it is not recommended to use hand washing only (Michaels, 2014). It takes about 20 seconds to wash your hands and 5 seconds to use hand sanitizer. Such a big difference can be made in the prevention of hospital acquired infections by just performing that very simple task that doesn’t take very long to do and so many lives can be saved as
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Hand washing is very important in order to prevent infection (Leifso, Sheehan, & Knoll, Module 3, 2012). Routine hand washing involves turning on the water, applying soap and then washing for up to 20 seconds (CDC, 2009). All areas should be washed, including the front of the hands, back of the hands, in between fingers, and around the nails (CDC, 2009). After rinsing, paper towels are then used to dry the hands and close the tap (CDC, 2009). Alcohol based hand sanitizers should only be used if it is not possible to get to a sink and if the hands are not visibly dirty (Leifso, Sheehan, & Knoll, Module 3, 2012).
The internet and all technological advances give us easier communication and increase productivity, however, at what cost? The loss of one's privacy. It is okay only when it is violated for one's own protection. There are different reason, good and bad, for the loss in privacy. In 1984 the characters don't have privacy due to big brother always watching,the NSA does more snooping than securing, social media does more than connect friends, and technological advances make our lives easier.
Please list the references and clinical resources that you use in your review of this document. These references should support any clinical or extensive revisions or additions that you make. Aside from known common best practices, references are required. We reserve the right to request additional references. References and resources used:
This literature review will analyze and critically explore four studies that have been conducted on hand hygiene compliance rates by Healthcare workers (HCWs). Firstly, it will look at compliance rates for HCWs in the intensive care units (ICU) and then explore the different factors that contribute to low hand hygiene compliance. Hospital Acquired infections (HAI) or Nosocomial Infections appear worldwide, affecting both developed and poor countries. HAIs represent a major source of morbidity and mortality, especially for patients in the ICU (Hugonnet, Perneger, & Pittet, 2002). Hand hygiene can be defined as any method that destroys or removes microorganisms on hands (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). According to the World Health Organization (2002), a HAI can be defined as an infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other health care facility in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission. The hands of HCWs transmit majority of the endemic infections. As
Turner, B. J., Newschaffer, C. J., Zhang, D., Fanning, T., & Hauck, W. W. (1999). Translating clinical trial results into practice. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130(12), 979-986.
In today’s society with the blogs, the gossip sites and the other forms of social media, confidentiality is a thing of the past. However, for, physicians and other health professionals, they are held to a higher standard to maintain a level of ethics and confidentiality for their patients. Confidentiality is a major duty for a health professional, but is there ever a time to where it is okay to tell what a patient says in confident? What if the patient is a minor, or a senior citizen or someone who is mentally challenged? What if a patient is being abused or wants to commit suicide? Does it matter if it is a nurse, or a dentist, or a psychologist or is all medical professional held to the same moral standard? What roles does a consent form or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act plays in the medical world in being confidentiality? I would like to explore Confidentiality and the moral effects it has on the health profession.
The systematic review; Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care, conducted by the Cochrane Collaboration investigated inventions to improve hand hygiene compliance within patient care. The review included 2 original studies with an additional two new studies (Gould & Moralejo et al., 2010). Throughout the review it was affirmed that among hand hygiene is an indispensable method in the prevention of hospital-acquired infections (HAI), the compliance among nurses’ is inadequate. Nurses are identified within the public as dependable and trustworthy in a time of vulnerability due to their specialised education and skills (Hughes, 2008). Thus, it is imperative that evidence based practice is cond...
Safety is focused on reducing the chance of harm to staff and patients. The 2016 National Patient Safety Goals for Hospitals includes criteria such as using two forms of identification when caring for a patient to ensure the right patient is being treated, proper hand washing techniques to prevent nosocomial infections and reporting critical information promptly (Joint Commission, 2015). It is important that nurses follow standards and protocols intending to patients to decrease adverse
(2014) shed light on two key components for infection control, which includes protecting patients from acquiring infections and protecting health care workers from becoming infected (Curchoe et al., 2014). The techniques that are used to protect patients also provide protection for nurses and other health care workers alike. In order to prevent the spread of infections, it is important for health care workers to be meticulous and attentive when providing care to already vulnerable patients (Curchoe et al., 2014). If a health care worker is aware they may contaminate the surroundings of a patient, they must properly clean, disinfect, and sterilize any contaminated objects in order to reduce or eliminate microorganisms (Curchoe et al., 2014). It is also ideal to change gloves after contact with contaminated secretions and before leaving a patient’s room (Curchoe, 2014). Research suggests that due to standard precaution, gloves must be worn as a single-use item for each invasive procedure, contact with sterile sites, and non-intact skin or mucous membranes (Curchoe et al., 2014). Hence, it is critical that health care workers change gloves during any activity that has been assessed as carrying a risk of exposure to body substances, secretions, excretions, and blood (Curchoe et al.,
While self-discloser has benefits that affect our relationships with ourselves and others, it can also prove to be risky in the wrong situation. When we tend to self-disclose we are choosing to share information with others about our feelings, dreams, likes, dislikes, etc. for building a deeper relationship and we expect appropriate and reciprocal self-discloser back. Self-disclosure like any communication is irreversible and we can take it back, one must always self-motoring following the rules that will gain reward. Any information shared can run into risks, Floyd points out four potential risks when it comes to self-disclosure: rejection, the chance of obligating others, hurt to others, and violation of other people’s privacy (p.101-102).
By only using hand sanitizer, you not only are spreading some bacteria that does not get killed, but you are also spreading viruses
“Researchers in London estimate that if everyone routinely washed their hands, a million deaths a year could be prevented” (“Hygiene Fast Facts”, 2013, p. 1). Hands are the number one mode of transmission of pathogens. Hands are also vital in patient interaction, and therefore should be kept clean to protect the safety of patients and the person caring for the patient. Hand hygiene is imperative to professional nursing practice because it prevents the spread of pathogens, decreases chances of hospital-acquired infections, and promotes patient safety. There is a substantial amount of evidence that shows why hand hygiene is important in healthcare
Confidentiality is defined as the protection of personal information. It means keeping a client’s information between the health care providers and the client. Every single patient has the right to privacy regarding their personal information from being released to anyone outside of their health care providers. Health care providers have a legal and ethical responsibility to protect all information regarding patients by not disclosing their information to anyone without their written consent from the patient.
Effective hand washing is one of the most effective ways to stop the spread of germs and to keep you from getting sick, because it prevents transmission of pathogens. But what exactly is the most effective way to wash hands?
Security is very important for many different reasons. A nation must insure their safety as a whole, as well as the persons living in the nation. It is equally important that the nation's economy is stable and growing. Security is something that every nation deals with, in many different ways. It is a way that nations come to together and create allies. However, it is also a way for nations to create enemies. There are a variety of concerns that require attention around the world including state security, human security, and economic security. Political and economic relations impact each of these security issues different proven by history and present events around the world.