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Hypersensitivity type I
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What is type I hypersensitivity?
Type I hypersensitivity is also called immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity. The reaction may include skin, eyes, nasopharynx, bronchopulmonary tissues and gastrointestinal tract. Hypersensitivity may cause a variety of symptoms from minor health problems to death. The reaction usually takes 15 - 30 minutes from the time of exposure to the antigen, although sometimes it may have a delayed onset from 10 - 12 hours. (#1) Immediate hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE and the primary cellular factor is the mast cell or basophil. The reaction is intensified or modified by platelets, neutrophils and eosinophils. While the mechanism of this reaction is involved in favored production of IgE in response to certain antigens.
Some people are more susceptible to type I hypersensitivity then others and the precise mechanism is not known. However, it has been shown that such individuals preferentially produce more of TH2 cells that secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 which in turn favor IgE class switch. IgE has very high affinity for its receptor (Fcε; CD23) on mast cells and basophils. (#1)
A succeeding exposure to the same allergen can cause the cross links of the cell-bound IgE and activates the release of numerous pharmacologically active substances. Cross-linking of IgE Fc-receptor is imperative in mast cell activating; mast cell degranulation is followedby increased Ca2+ influx, which is a crucial process; ionophores which increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ also promote degranulation, while agents that deplete cytoplasmic Ca2+ suppress degranulation. Mast cells may be activated by other stimuli such as exercise, emotional stress, anaphylotoxins. These reactions, mediated by agents without IgE-allergen interacti...
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...nclude T lymphocytes and monocytes or macrophages. Cytotoxic T cells cause direct damage while helper T cells secrete cytokines which activate cytotoxic T cells that recruit, activate monocytes and macrophages, which cause the bulk of the damage.(#1) The delayed hypersensitivity lacerations mainly contain monocytes and some T cells. Major lymphokines involved in delayed hypersensitivity reaction include monocyte chemotactic factor, interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, TNF alpha/beta, etc. (#1) Analytical tests in type IV hypersensitivity include delayed cutaneous reaction and patch test. In vitro tests for delayed hypersensitivity include mitogenic response, lympho-cytotoxicity and IL-2 production. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents are used in treatment. The diseases associated with type IV hypersensitivity are tuberculin test, poison ivy and granuloma.
The immunologic events that are happening at the local level during Carlton's acute inflammatory response would be:
There are many allergic reactions that come with food allergies. The main one is called anaphylaxis. This fatal reaction is a violent allergic reaction that occurs thought the body causing nausea, vomiting, swelling, chest pain, choking and collapse.
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
Venkataraman, Ramesh, and Michael R. Pinsky. "Toxic Shock Syndrome." Medscape. 16 July 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2011. .
In a latex allergy, your immune system identifies latex as a harmful substance. With wheezing, runny nose or anaphylaxis, your immune system triggers certain cells to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to fight the latex component (the allergen). The next time you come in contact with latex, the IgE antibodies sense it and signal your immune system to release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream. The more exposure you have, the more your immune system is likely to respond to latex (sensitization). These chemicals cause a range of allergic signs and symptoms. Histamine is partly [sic] responsible for most allergic responses. (ACAAI)
In most situations, genetic heredity plays a role in what allergy a person acquires. Children inherit their allergy from their parents. (Mills et al., 2007) On the contrary, some of individuals develop certain allergies in spite of their parents. One proposed theory that will be explored in this paper is whether or not the use of vaccines causes us to develop certain allergies. Before that theory can be proven as right or wrong, we must first get a more thorough understanding of the immune system.
The IL-13 gene is one of several hundred candidate genes which are segments of DNA believed to contain nucleotide sequences affecting the asthma phenotype. The IL-13 gene is mostly expressed in T Helper cell 2 (TH2) as Interleukin-13 cytokines, operating through IL-13R (a heterodimer of IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1) (4, 11, 6). These cytokines relay messages to other immune cells, warranting a coordinated immune response (6). However, the operation of Interleukin-13 is largely dependent on the presence and expression of Interleukin-4 (IL-4), another cytokine (11). Not only is a dimer of IL-4, IL-4Ra, critical to the reception of IL-13 cytokines, but IL-14 is crucial in the advancement of T cells in Th2 cells, the main producer of IL-13 cytokines (11). This epistatic dependency of IL-13 on the expression of IL-4 and other genes is another contributor to the complexity of asthma.
There are two types of asthma that are due to phenotypes, they are childhood onset asthma and adulthood onset asthma. Children with childhood onset asthma are atopic which means that they are affected by allergens in their environment due to genetics [5]. They are also more sensitive to the allergens on account of airway cells being sensitive to allergens [5]. Adulthood onset asthma is less prevalent than childhood onset asthma and is discovered more in men than women [5]. Adulthood onset asthma is mostly like childhood onset; nevertheless it is not affected by allergens, which is known as intr...
In the words of Bertrand Russell, “Fear is the main source of superstition, and one of the main sources of cruelty. To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom” (Russell). Fear causes many problems in our lives. Fear influences many of a person’s actions and decisions. However, people usually regret the decisions or actions they made out of fear. Also, these actions and decisions can cause problems for those people in their future. Fear is a harmful emotion, for it clouds people’s judgement, disables them from taking action, and causes them to make decisions that they will regret later.
Human race is known to have developed numerous allergies to various known and unknown allergens. An extreme allergic reaction which can be “life-threatening”. (Mydr.com.au, 2014) is referred to as Anaphylaxis.It is a “medical emergency”(Lloyd & Sisman,2013).Statistics indicate that maximum deaths occur due to allergic reactions of various medicines. The other causative agents can be insects, food, latex, hair dye, etc(Lloyd & Sisman,2013). The most common trigger to stimulate anaphylaxis among children are food products such as peanuts, dairy, seafood etc. Exposure to any of these allergens can result in severe anaphylactic attack within 20 minutes.(Australian Resuscitation council, 2012).However the doctors discuss the history of symptoms occurring in children suffering with peanut allergy before declaring them to be anaphylactic and prescribing medication. (Unknown, 2014). Symptoms of anaphylaxis may occur in varied forms depending upon the severty of the reaction. For instance in mild cases swelling of lips, eyes or face occurs along with hives, rash, tingling of mouth and vomitting accompanied with abdominal pain. Nevertheless in extreme conditions the former symptoms may be accompanied with noisy breathing, wheezing, hoarseness and unconsciousness. (Lloyd & Sisman,2013).
One of the most common mysteries in the world is the development of autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease is when the immune system, which usually keeps your body healthy thinks that your healthy cells are antigens and attacks them. This is irony right? It is against properties of evolution for an immune system to attack itself causing sickness and possibly death if untreated. There are about 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, which usually have periods of little to no symptoms and worsening symptoms. What particularly creates confusion in the world is the autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, which affects almost about five million people worldwide.
Aversion Therapy “Aversion therapy uses the behavioral approach principles that new behavior can be learnt in order to overcome addictions, obsessions or, violent behavior (Behavioral Psychology 2015).” In simple terms, the basis of Aversion Therapy is to be able to get rid of a habit or behavior that one wishes to no longer have. This is done by learning how to associate pain, discomfort, or suffering with said behavior or habit one would like to get rid of. Some very common examples of habits that one would seek to get rid of are smoking, violence, alcoholism, gambling, overeating, pornography, and many other undesirable habits one might have. Behavioral Psychology 2015
Patients who usually have allergies suffer from many symptoms due to the allergic reaction(s). Normally, your immune system protects you against invading agents such as bacteria and viruses. Otherwise harmless allergens (allergy-producing substances) cause your body to react as if they were dangerous invaders. In effect, your immune system is responding to a false alarm.
The ocean is the utmost amazing as well as the most mysterious place in the world, with hundreds of new species being discovered every year, in a place that takes about 70% of the earth's surface. This always makes people consider, “What else is out there?”. Thalassophobia is the fear of the ocean, a fear that countless people in the world suffer from. There is no clear number of people who suffer from thalassophobia, but there are multiple online groups dedicated to the phobia, with one of those having about 80,000 members.
Imagine being able to wear a low-cut dress, a swimsuit or a gym shirt without having to worry about the way your skin looks. When you have eczema, the simple task of picking out your clothes every day can seem impossible. Although it looks like a physical ailment, this skin condition is actually intricately linked to the way you handle stress and anxiety.