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Racial profiling and the criminal justice system
Racial profiling and the criminal justice system
Racial profiling in law enforcement essay
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Hate Crime and Discrimination Against Arab Americans and Muslim
There are many forms of hate crimes that brought attention in the United States and increased throughout 2014. Examples of hate crimes are assault on homeless people, crime on colleges’ campus, crimes on immigrants, hate crimes on Arab American, Muslim, and Asian Pacific American. Also, there are hate crimes on children and hate groups such as civil rights leaders or gay couples. There is diversity, hate crime, which is more alike than unalike. Another kind is bullying which is to use force or to abuse or treat other people and treat them aggressively. Harassment is another kind of hate crime that is common everywhere. Harassment usually found in the workplace, which involve unwanted sexual advances.
This paper focuses on hate crime and discrimination against Arab Americans and Muslim. After 9/11 incidents, “hate crime and discrimination against Arab American have decreased, but the number of violent crimes against Arab Americans remains higher than before 9/11.” These days we see discrimination against Arab and Muslims and all that comes with assault, murder, rape, harassment, or verbal abuse. What does a hate crime mean in all these different worlds? Hate crime is a criminal act against victims and it’s usually violent act, which depends on his or her prejudice membership in a social group.
Most of crimes that we see these days depend on how a person deals with another member in society. Is the person done something that could insult the other party member? There are many examples of hate crime against Arab American, Muslim, or Sikhs that happened in the United States. On October 2008, at 10 years old Sikh boy was assaulted while walking home from school ...
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...te. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.civilrights.org/publications/hatecrimes/arab- americans.html
Brooks, M. (n.d.). The history of hate crimes in the United States - by Marcus Brooks - Helium. Retrieved May 27, 2014, from http://www.helium.com/items/1179975-hate-crimes- emmett-till-medgar-evers-dorseys-and-malcolm
Violent Crime. (2013, June 20). Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in- the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/violent-crime/violent-crime
ADC RELEASES REPORT ON HATE CRIMES AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ARAB AMERICANS - American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=3388
A Report on the Civil Rights Division’s Post - 9/11 Civil Rights Summit (pp. 1-19, Rep.). (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2014, from http://www.justice.gov/crt/publications/post911/post911summit_report_2012-04.pdf
Alston, Alex A. and James Dickerson. Devil’s Sanctuary: An Eyewitness History of Mississippi Hate Crimes. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. 2009.
The Muslim Sikh community in the United States have been facing violence and discrimination against their people increasingly since 9/11. FBI: Dramatic Spike in Hate Crimes Targeting Muslims. (2012) . Retrieved from http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2012/spring/fbi-dramatic-spike-in-hate-crimes-targetin. According to the FBI, Anti-Muslim has soared by 50% in 2010 since the September 11th attacks. The groups of people who encourage these types of hate crimes are misinformed and prejudice against a whole religion, instead of focusing in a humane way on a group of terrorists that caused so much turmoil in the United States.
Williams, Walter. “Racial Profiling.” (1999). N. pag. Online. AT&T Worldnet. Internet. 5 Dec 2000. Available: www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams031099.asp
"The Reality of Racial Profiling." CivilRights.org. The Leadership Conference, 22 08 2012. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. .
"Hate-Crime Laws." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News
According to Petrosino (2003: 10) hate crimes can be defined as "..the victimisation of minorities due to their racial or ethnic identity by members of the majority. " (p. 4) Hate crimes are also known as bias-motivated crimes because the crimes are motivated by a bias towards a person or persons including but not limited to those of a different gender, ethnic background, religion, or sexual orientation. Hate crimes are quite serious and have severe and long lasting-effects for the targeted victims. Due to the severe nature of the crimes many countries have strict laws in place to punish offenders. Hate crime is not widely discussed in Canadian society because it has not been a prominent issue until now. “..The extent of the problem in Canada was limited to a small number of persons, such activity could create a climate of malice and destructiveness to the values of our society (Cohen Report, 1966:24). As a result of the committee’s efforts, Parliament amended the Criminal Code in 1970, thus rendering hate propaganda as a punishable offence (Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1986:7)
Hate crimes are done too frequently in the United States. Although we have laws that supposedly regulate them, many people still feel the need to commit acts of violence on people that are different than them. Many of these crimes originate with some sort of hate speech. People get ideas from other people, passed down from previous generations.
Jacobs, James B. and Kimberly A. Potter "Hate Crimes: A Critical Perspective," Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Ed. Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1997).
Hurd, Heidi M. (2001). Why liberals should hate ``hate crime legislation''. Law and Philosophy 20 (2):215 - 232.
A hate crime is a crime, usually involving violence or intimidation committed against others based partially or entirely on race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation or membership in another social group.
Lieberman M, Larner J. “Hate crime laws: punishment to fit the crime. Dissent”. 2010;(3):81. Available from: Academic OneFile, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 1, 2014.
King, Ryan D., Steven. F Messner, Robert D. Baller. 2009. “Contemporary Hate Crimes, Law Enforcement and the Legacy of Racial Violence.” American Sociological Association. 74: 291-315.
There are many who believe hate crime should be punished more severely since it ‘’has the potential to cause greater harm.’’ (Hate Crime Laws, 2014) Hate crimes, like racial discrimination, have unfortunately been a part of this country for centuries, racial discrimination was rampant in the 19th and 20th century, but mostly in the south; many segregation laws were created at the time ‘’that banned African Americans from voting, attending certain schools, and using public accommodations. ’’ (Hate Crime Laws, 2014)
Today we have looked at the problem known as hate crimes and the varied causes which keep it in existence. We have also discussed some solutions to this act of hate.
Prejudice and discrimination have both been prevalent throughout human history. Prejudice deals with the inflexible and irrational attitudes and opinions that are held by others of one group against those of another. Discrimination on the other hand refers to the behaviors directed against another group. Prejudiced individuals have preconceived beliefs about groups of people or cultural practices. There are both positive and negative forms of prejudice, however, the negative form of prejudice leads to discrimination. Individuals that practice discrimination do so to protect opportunities for themselves, by denying access to those whom they believe do not deserve the same treatment as everyone else. An example of discrimination based on prejudice involves the Jews. “Biased sentiments and negative stereotypes of Jews have been a part of Western tradition for centuries and, in fact, have been stronger and more vicious in Europe than in the United States. For nearly two millennia, European Jews have been chastised and persecuted as the “killers of Christ” and stereotyped as materialistic moneylenders and crafty business owners (Healey, p.65). The prejudice against these groups led to the discrimination against them.