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. In a market economy, supply and demand are important because they
Conditions for market efficiency
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1. Introduction
This assignment is based on to understand the concept of efficiency in a free market economic to analyze whether competitive markets use resources efficiently. This involves understanding what competitive markets are and how these markets allocate resources efficiently. According to (Whiting, n.d.) Competitive markets is one where there are numerous producers that compete with one another in hopes to provide goods and services we (as consumer) want and need. So they try to maximize their profit and output by competing the other firm. This leads to decrease in the price of goods and services due to high competition, thus increase consumer satisfaction. Moreover, competitive market is efficient only when the resources are allocated
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Their main aim is to make profit. For example; if a company is thinking about producing bubblegum, and they learn they can make money doing so, they will use that money incentive to enter the competitive market. (Whiting, n.d.) furthermore, there are many buyers and sellers in the competitive market. In a competitive market there will be less bargaining power for both buyers and sellers. For example; if one seller of wheat attempts to increase its profits by raising the price of its wheat, the buyer in the market will simply buy wheat from one of the numerous competitors. (Richards, n.d.). furthermore, these competitive markets produce Homogeneous products. Sellers have very weak power because all the competitors produce similar products. According to (Richards, n.d.) commodities such as wheat, corn, oil often used as examples of homogeneous products. Furthermore, companies in a competitive market tend to operate at the point at which marginal cost equals marginal revenue. (Richards, n.d.). finally, competitive markets are efficient for both buyers and sellers due to producing similar products firms try to maintain the price at same level. In additional buyers can buy from different competitors if the other competitor rises the price. Finally, sellers provide good quality products due to high competition and this leads to high growth of the market, thus increasing the
In this essay I will be discussing the features of Scotland’s mixed market economy, describing four aspects of the Scottish economy; Tourism, unemployment, growth and the NHS.
We all hear the term “monopoly” before. If somebody doesn't apprehend a monopoly is outlined as “The exclusive possession or management of the provision or change a artifact or service.” but a natural monopoly could be a little totally different in which means from its counterpart. during this paper we'll be wanting into the question: whether or not the govt. ought to read telephones, cable, or broadcasting as natural monopolies or not; and may they be regulated or not?
An oligopoly is defined as "a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products" (Gans, King and Mankiw 1999, pp.-334). Since there are only a few sellers, the actions of any one firm in an oligopolistic market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other firms. Due to this, all the firms in an oligopolistic market are interdependent on one another. This relationship between the few sellers is what differentiates oligopolies from perfect competition and monopolies. Although firms in oligopolies have competitors, they do not face so much competition that they are price takers (as in perfect competition). Hence, they retain substantial control over the price they charge for their goods (characteristic of monopolies).
First, a perfectly competitive market provides low prices for consumer of the market. This exists as a pro for the consumers buying the product. In the example, it remains a pro for people purchasing the corn cheaply in Tap. When low prices exist in the market however, the burden is placed on the producers. This happens because the producers identify as price takers, and the price stays low due to competition. Low prices result in lower profits. On the island of Tap for example, low prices in a competitive market hurt the producers of corn. Meaning, farmers prefer the monopoly version of the market. The monopoly form results in farmers getting paid above the perfectly competitive market price. On the contrast, in a monopoly form prices remain higher for the consumers. The final pro of the monopoly form exists as the uniform packaging and quality. Since only one firm produces the specific product, they use the same quality and packaging throughout the process. This also be views as a con for the perfectly competitive side. This side uses many different forms of packaging and quality due to the various amounts of producing firms. Overall, many different pros and cons result when implementing various kinds of market
An oligopoly is a market consisting of a few large interdependent firms who are usually always trying to second-guess each other's behaviour. There is a high degree of interdependence between each firm in the industry meaning individual firms must take into account the effects of their actions on their rivals, and the course of action that will follow as a result on behalf of the rival firm which will also have consequences. The market as we will see is also allocatively inefficient as price is above marginal cost. There are barriers to entry and exit in an oligopoly meaning that potential new firms will have huge costs if they try to enter the industry and sometimes firms collude in order to prevent new firms from becoming any threat. For example if a new firm tries to enter the industry the cartel can quite easily reduce its prices in the short run so as to remove the new firm. An example of a heavy barrier to entry for new firms is the cost of National or even International advertising. As a result of the firms being interdependent, there are various varieties of collusion in oligopolies to try and create some stable space for the firms to operate in. There are three kinds of collusion:
The market revolution caused the decline in small-scale production for local use into a rise in large-scale production in manufacturing. The market revolution is the expansion of the marketplace that occurred in early nineteenth century, the construction of new roads and canals that interconnected for the first time. The Erie Canal provided a successful source of transportation, states got involved and spent money into the transportation networks that stimulated economic growth. With the rise of the economic growth there comes problems. Although changes brought by the market revolution helped strengthen the United States economy, there were many effects from the market revolution that caused boom-bust cycles, class division, struggle in upward
Classical economists such as, Jean Baptiste Say, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Robert Malthus, had a different view about the role of the government in a capitalistic society. The classical economists believed in a laissez-faire economy. They believed that the government should keep their hands off the nation’s economy. They felt that the market will be able to keep itself stable, without the intervention of the government. Jean Baptiste Say believed that supply would create its own demand. The classical economists had an assumption that the aggregate production of goods and services in the economy generate enough income to purchase all output. They also had the assumption that savings by the household sector matches investment expenditures on capital goods by the business sector.
There are many industries. Economist group them into four market models: 1) pure competition which involves a very large number of firms producing a standardized producer. New firms may enter very easily. 2) Pure monopoly is a market structure in which one firm is the sole seller a product or service like a local electric company. Entry of additional firms is blocked so that one firm is the industry. 3)Monopolistic competition is characterized by a relatively large number of sellers producing differentiated product. 4)Oligopoly involves only a few sellers; this “fewness” means that each firm is affected by the decisions of rival and must take these decisions into account in determining its own price and output. Pure competition assumes that firms and resources are mobile among different kinds of industries.
There are four major market structures; perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Perfect competition is the market structure in which there are many sellers and buyers, firms produce a homogeneous product, and there is free entry into and exit out of the industry (Amacher & Pate, 2013). A perfect competition is characterized by the fact that homogeneous products are being created. With this being the case consumers have no tendency to buy one product over the other, because they are all the same. Perfect competitions are also set up so that there is companies are free to enter and leave a market as they choose. They are allowed to do with without any type of restriction, from either the government or the other companies. This structure is purely theoretical, and represents and extreme end of the market structure. The opposite end of the market structure from perfect competition is monopoly.
- Heyne, P. (n.d.). Efficiency. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved April 14, 2014, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Efficiency.html
Firms with market power or monopolies are often seen as detrimental for customers and economic welfare. According to the neoclassical theory, the market power of monopolies and oligopolies is potentially higher than that of firms in monopolistic or perfect competition since they have to face very limited competition, if any (Ferguson and Ferguson 1994). In monopolistic or perfect competition can make supernormal profits in the short term but eventually other firms will enter the market and offer alternative products that reduce the demand for the established firm’s products (Sloman et al., 2013 p. 177). Dissimilarly, this is not the case for dominant firms or monopolies; the lack of competition allows them to set prices and make supernormal profits increasing the perception that big companies are “bad” for consumers. As shown by the graphs in Figure 1 and 2, there are substantial differences in the competitive and monopoly markets. In a competitive environment, the equilibrium is reached where demand meets supply. In a monopolistic market, thanks to the establishment of higher prices and the production of lower quantities, monopolies or dominant firms make supernormal profits; additionally, there is a deadweight loss and some consumers who were willing to pay lower prices wil...
Perfect and monopolistic competition markets both share elasticity of demand in the long run. In both markets the consumer is aware of the price, if the price was to increase the demand for the product would decrease resulting in suppliers being unable to make a profit in the long run. Lastly, both markets are composed of firms seeking to maximise their profits. Profit maximization occurs when a firm produces goods to a high level so that the marginal cost of the production equates its marginal
Markets have four different structures which need different "attitudes" from the suppliers in order to enter, compete and effectively gain share in the market. When competing, one can be in a perfect competition, in a monopolistic competition an oligopoly or a monopoly [1]. Each of these structures ensures different situations in regards to competition from a perfect competition where firms compete all being equal in terms of threats and opportunities, in terms of the homogeneity of the products sold, ensuring that every competitor has the same chance to get a share of the market, to the other end of the scale where we have monopolies whereby one company alone dominates the whole market not allowing any other company to enter the market selling the product (or service) at its price.
An oligopolistic market has a small number of sellers dominating market share and therefore barriers to entry are high. These sellers are highly competitive and do not act independently of each other. Access to information is limited so sellers can only speculate of their competitor’s actions. Sellers will take advantage of competitor’s price changes in order to increase market share.
Oligopolists are drawn in two different directions, either to compete with each other or to collude with each other. If they collude, they end up acting as monopoly and thereby maximising the industry's profits. However they are often tempted to compete with each other inorder to gain a bigger share of the profit of the industry.