SELECTION OF DRUG
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, widely used in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Usual therapeutic dose is 100 mg twice daily and half life is 3-4 hrs; thus it is necessary to be administered frequently in order to maintain the desired concentration. Therefore, Aceclofenac is an ideal candidate for sustained release formulation, resulting in more reproducible drug absorption and reducing the risk of local irritations.5
DRUG PROFILE (ACECLOFENAC)
Category: Anti inflammatory drug
Chemical name: 2-[2-[2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetyl]oxy acetic acid.
Chemical formula: C16H13C12NO4
Molecular weight: 354.18472 g/mol
Structure:
Indication:
Aceclofenac 100mg Tablets are indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
Dose:
Adults
The recommended dose is 200 mg daily, taken as two separate 100 mg doses, one tablet in the morning and one in the evening.
Children
There are no clinical data on the use of Aceclofenac in children and therefore it is not recommended for use in children.
Elderly
The pharmacokinetics of Aceclofenac are not altered in elderly patients, therefore it is not considered necessary to modify the dose or dose frequency.
Toxicology:
No new preclinical data have been submitted and none are required for this application.
Pharmacokinetics:
After oral administration, aceclofenac is rapidly and completely absorbed as unchanged drug. Peak plasma concentrations are reached approximately 1.25 to 3.00 hours following ingestion. Aceclofenac penetrates into the synovial fluid, where the concentrations reach approximately 57% of...
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... chefs such as Grant Achatz and Heston Blumenthal. Sodium alginate is combined with calcium lactate or similar compounds to create spheres of liquid surrounded by a thin jelly membrane.
EUDRAGIT S100
Eudragit S100 are anionic copolymers based on methacrylic acic and methyl methacrylate.
Chemical structure:
Chemical name: : Poly(methacylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) Molecular weight: approx. 125,000 g/mol
Category: Coating material
Targeted Drug Release Area: Colon delivery
Dissolution: pH 7.0
Characteristics:
• Granulation of drug substances in powder form for controlled release.
• Effective and stable enteric coatings with a fast dissolution in the upper Bowel.
• Site specific drug delivery in intestine by combination with EUDRAGIT® S grades.
• Variable release profiles.
Acid Value: 190 mg KOH/ g polymer
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg): >150°C
Instant Release comes in tablets which size from 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, and 30 mg. They are taken 2-3 times a day, with around 4-6 hours in between. Extended release comes in 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, or 30 mg capsules. Extended release is taken only once a day, in the morning.
Labels on tryptophan supplements recommended a dosage of 500 to 1500 mg once or twice a day.
Furosemide is available in tablets, sublingual tablets, oral suspension, and intravenously. (2) The recommended schedule dose for adults for an initial dose is 20 to 80mg. (3) The same dose as well as higher doses may be administered 6 to 8 hours following the previous dose if needed. (2) When titrating doses it may be raised by 20 to 40mg but not within 6 to 8 hours after the initial dose, and this may continue until the desi...
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) 500 mg, 1-2 tablets 4 hourly PRN: Analgesic with limited anti-inflammatory activity (Woo & Wynne, 2011, p. 887). Used to reduce the pain of
Viagra is taken orally. It is quickly absorbed into the system and usually reaches its peak concentration in about 30 to 120 minutes. However, as with most orally administered drugs, taking the pill on a full stomach will slow down its absorption (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 5). Viagra is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome p450 system. It is converted into a metabolite that has properties similar to that of the pre-metabolized drug. Viagra and its metabolite have a "terminal half-life of about 4 hours" (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 4). Finally, Viagra is excreted primarily through feces in the form of metabolites (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 7).
useful in the relief of mild to moderate pain. It is also used as a cough remedy
In the late 1800’s it was discovered that papa-amino-phenol, could reduce fever, but the drug was too toxic to use. A less toxic extract called phenacetin was later found to be just as effective but also had pain-relieving properties. In 1949, it was learned that phenacetin was metabolized into an active but also less toxic drug, acetaminophen. Since then, acetaminophen has been sold under many over the counter brand names, most popular being Tylenol.
Arthritis is very common and yet it is not well understood. Arthritis is not a single disease, but instead is an informal way of referring to more than 100 different types of joint pain and/or related conditions (“What is Osteoarthritis?”). Sometimes called degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis, osteoarthritis is the most common chronic condition of the joints, affecting approximately 27 million Americans (“What is Osteoarthritis?”). For a long time osteoarthritis was believed to be caused by the “wear and tear” of joints over time, however, scientists now view it to be a disease of the joint (“What
I would ask the patient to rate her pain (0-10). I would check to see if the physician changed the meperidine to a more appropriate form. If the patient’s pain decreased, I would then educated the patient about the acetaminophen and meperidine. I would tell her advise her to take her meperidine q 3-4 hours if pain is severe and if it’s mild pain like what she was previously experienced I would encourage her to take the acetaminophen 1 to 2 tablets every 4 hours. When taking meperidine do not drink or take sedatives for at least 24 hours. This medication may also cause dizziness, drowsiness, and confusion; so avoid getting up without assistance. Be careful making positions changes which can cause dizziness. There are adverse effect that may occur and if the patient experience trouble breathing, seizures, increase heart rate to not hesitate to come back in. It is common to experience minor side effects like dizziness, headaches, nausea, and vomiting when this medication. When taking acetaminophen do not exceed the recommended dosage, because acute poisoning with the liver damage may result nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. If this occurs notify your prescriber. Also, if you see bruising, bleeding, fever, dark brown urine notify your
As we age, the use of medication is often increased in an effort to treat illness and disease. In older adults this frequently results in the administration of multiple medications, both appropriately and inappropriately, at the same time. This is known as polypharmacy. While polypharmacy can exist with any age demographic, it is much more prevalent in older adults where the risk of multiple health conditions is greater. It is not uncommon, for example, for a patient to be treated with multiple therapeutic drug combinations in order to manage disease such as diabetes, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Kaufman, 2011, p. 49). Polypharmacy is associated as a major factor placing older adults at risk for an adverse drug event. As the number of medications increase, the need for monitoring becomes much more crucial. When there is a breakdown in proper monitoring, the older adult is significantly placed at a higher risk for negative health outcomes due to serious side effects, poor adherence, adverse drug reactions and adverse drug interactions.
The goals of the treatment are to reduce the pain, maintain the joint flexibility and improve the joint and the overall function. There are different ways to treat Osteoarthritis. This treatment could consist of surgery, drugs, physical and work-related therapy and supplemental therapy. Acetaminophen can be used as medication; it doesn’t reduce inflammation, but it relieves pain. Other medications could be Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which reduce the inflammation and reduce pain. Over-the-counter NSAIDs consist of ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin IB and others. The therapy of Osteoarthritis consists of physical therapy; the therapist will figure out an exercise plan with the patient to reduce the pain and increase the range of motion and support the muscles around the affected joint. Through work-related therapy you can discover ways to putting extra stress on the already affected and painful joint. For example when a patient has knee Osteoarthritis and it is painful for him to stand over a longer period of time, he could put a bench or chair in his shower to sit down. Braces or shoe inserts may reduce the pain while walking or standing. The inserts support the joint and take pressure off the joint. The last form of therapy is the chronic pain class of the arthritis Foundation. In these classes the patient will be taught how to manage the pain of the osteoarthritis
Usual adult dosage: An initial daily dosage of 100 mg, but may range from 25 to 200 mg daily.
It is used for the treatment of arthritis and also for treating the back pain, shoulder pain and knee pain.
Osteoarthritis is usually treated with analgesics and non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs. These drugs have been shown to cause serious gastrointestinal and cardiovascular adverse events, especially with long term use (17) Other medical interventions including orthopedic surgery such as joint replacement have been implemented with OA Patients. There have been several studies on the the use of glucosamine and chondroitin with the treatment for the treatment and prevention of OA. Glucosamine and chondroitin are among the most popular non-vitamin, non-mineral specialty supplements in the United States, with sales of the supplements reaching over 2billion dollars globally (7) (17) They are often taken together as a single daily supplement for osteoarthritis. It has been estimated that 7.4% of older Americans use glucosamine-chondroitin, a prevalence of use similar to that for acetaminophen. While the biologic effects of these
It is commonly distributed in tablets intended for moderate pain relief. Its other most common form is a liquid. In this from it is used as a cough suppressant. In fact, most of the cough syrups in the U.S. requiring of a prescription contain codeine. Though uncommon it is also available as an injectable for pain relief.