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A critique of orientalism
Orientalism introduction
Orientalism introduction
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Edward Said was a Palestinian-American literary scholar, one of the famous intellectuals in the world, and a political activist. He is best known for his theory on “Orientalism”, and the conception of the East by the West as a result of a relationship of power. Said was born in 1935 in Jerusalem, grew up in Cairo and later on sent to study in the United States where he later on continued his studies and established his position as Professor at Columbia University. According to Said, his own special position as “a child growing up in two British colonies” and his life in the United State, forced him to confront his own Identity as Palestinian in a western society, and understand himself as “the Oriental subject”. The main event that helped …show more content…
According to said, this distinction is the foundation to many european theories, literature, social descriptions and political reports on the Orient and its people. The third meaning reflects a special way that the West is “dealing” with the Orients. Starting roughly at the late eighteen century, “Orientalism can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient - dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short Orientalism as a western style of dominating ____ and having authority over the Orient.” Said describes the construction of the concept of Orientalism as a process of three historical stages that started from a relationship of familiarity and closes between the West - that was represented those days especially by France and Britain. The first stage took place until the early nineteen century, and included mostly “India and the Bible lands”. The second stage started at the beginning of the nineteen century and lasted until the end of World War Two and was based on a relationship of domination, and the third stage contains the shift of dominant power from Europe to The United …show more content…
His main point is that cultural knowledge as a collection of literature, music, art, academic research and more, is influenced by power and affect it. As opposes to the common believe that “true knowledge” is pure from all political influences, Sais argues that the researcher or the Author is always affected by him or her environment. Therefor any kind of knowledge whether it is scientific knowledge or art is “contiminated” by politics, and for that reason, every knowledge about the Orient will be affected by politics and power. However the European discourse of the Orient is not only affected by power but also is a type of power in itself by constructing and maintaining the Oriental way of thinking that keeps the hierarchy between the two entities and provides justification to the domination over the
Argo, a movie about the Iran-American conflict of 1979, is primarily set in the Middle East where all the inhabitants are wrongly depicted as full of mindless rage, screaming, irrational, and reasonless mobs. In 1891, French economist and journalist, Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, stated about the colonies of the Orient “a great part of the world is inhabited by barbarian tribes or savages, some given over to wars without end and to brutal customs, and others knowing so little of the arts and being so little accustomed to work and to invention that they do not know how to exploit their land and its natural riches. They live in little groups, impoverished and scattered.” Argo having strikingly similar depictions of Eastern people over a hundred years later raises the question “has the Western perspective of the East changed?”
Orientalism is the way that the Middle East is depicted by its’ friendly acquaintances over in the West. In other terms, it is a “racist discourse which constructs the orient for Western aggrandizement.” The way that the Afghans are depicted in the film alongside Rambo makes the audience sympathize with them. The little boy also looks up to Rambo. He looks up to him a masculine father-figure. Using th...
Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000.
Orientalism, which became famous as a term after Edward Said’s book written in 1978, explains a power relation between the Orient and the Occident inspiring from the Foucault’s The Archeology of Knowledge and
historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; Culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other as conditioning elements of further action.”
The Age of Western Imperialism. Modern East Asia From 1600. Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009. 295-367.
Stewart Gordon is an expert historian who specializes in Asian history. He is a Senior Research Scholar at the Center for South Asian Studies at the University of Michigan and has authored three different books on Asia. Gordon’s When Asia Was The World uses the narratives of several different men to explore The Golden Age of medieval Asia. The fact that this book is based on the travels and experiences of the everyday lives of real people gives the reader a feeling of actually experiencing the history. Gordon’s work reveals to the reader that while the Europeans were trapped in the dark ages, Asia was prosperous, bursting with culture, and widely connected by trade. This book serves to teach readers about the varieties of cultures, social practices, and religions that sprang from and spread out from ancient Asia itself and shows just how far Asia was ahead of the rest of the world
Having understood that the world has taken the form it has through the domination or imperialism of Western countries, it is said that they are the agents that have greatly influenced the world; their ideologies in addition to their political as well as economic influences have spread across the globe through time (Headrick, 1981).
New imperialism was the mid nineteenth and twentieth centuries cultural equivalent to a modern day mafia, its roots entangled in the economic, cultural, and humanistic aspects of life. The sole objective of the nations entailed the exploitation of their controlled state. Gestating from the change in control of Asian and African nations to the Europeans by means of political deviance, malicious sieges, and strategic military attacks. The juxtaposition to the modern equivalent endures as the aforesaid is sheltered by the fairytale that these nations were in need of aid and by doing so the Europeans were the good guys. The ideas of new imperialism are greatly influenced by those of the enlightenment. Taking place during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the enlightenment was an intellectual movement with the goal of social progress (Genova, 1/11). Armed with scientific thought and reason, enlightenment thinkers set out to explore the fields of science, economics, and human nature. Brilliant minds such as Voltaire, Kant and others all across Western Europe collaborated to further knowledge. The enlightenment laid the foundation on which new imperialism sprung, embedding the ideas of an incessant need to explore not only the scientific world but the physical world as well. The enlightenments goals and ideas significantly influenced new imperialism, because the enlightenment created a need for new means and a purpose to accrue them.
Analysing The West: Unique, Not Universal. Throughout history, Western civilization has been an emerging force behind change in foreign societies. This is the concept that is discussed in the article, the West Unique, Not Universal, written by Samuel Huntington. The author makes a very clear thesis statement and uses a variety of evidence to support it. This article has a very convincing point.
Mohanty is drawing upon theoretical perspectives of postmodernism to understand difference and by that uncover essentialist and Universalist interpretations (Uduyagiri 1995:159). In particular she is drawing upon approaches familiar to Edward Said’s Orientalism and Focault’s approach to discourse, power and knowledge. Foucault’s theories are especially useful in a postmodernist argument since he acknowledge that there are several structures of power, and that the there is a diversity of localized resistances ( Udayagiri 1995: 161). Mohanty uses Foucault’s conception of power to uncover Universalist categories and how feminist writers define power as a binary structure – to be in possession of power versus being powerless (Mohanty 1991:71). This limited way of theorizing power fails to recognize counteroffensives and the varied forms of power. Mohanty uses Said’s Orientalism to show how the way Western cultural perceptions of the Orient “became a means of controlling the regio...
At the time he had the opportunity to work for Foucquet he decided to put aside his religious thoughts and convert to a completely different ideology with which he could open more possibilities abroad. He started in China as a translator, until he went with his mentor to Europe. The Western executive tries to solve the problem through planning and foresight, while in Asia they rely on improvisation or social trickery; Western thought values facts, the Eastern executive follows intuition rather; In Europe or the USA people choose the best alternative among those planned, while in Asia several solutions are tested to see what works; A Westerner resorts to examples to specify the objectives to achieve, the Eastern is more inclined to employ metaphors.
Said, Edward. ?Orientalism.? Literary Theory: An Anthology. Edited by Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers Inc. 1998.
According to Said, one definition of Orientalism is that it is a "style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between 'the Orient' and the 'Occident'." This is connected to the idea that Western society, or Europe in this case, is superior in comparison to cultures that are non-European, or the Orient. This means that Orientalism is a kind of racism held toward anyone not European. Said wrote that Orientalism was "a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient." This Western idea of the Orient explains why so many European countries occupied lands they believed to be Oriental.
...e constraints with using language or sense perceptions as a single way of knowing. As more than one method is used to produce knowledge, inaccuracies or biases would be reduced. Ultimately, our own ‘cultural imprint’ further affects the way we interpret different types of art and how the language used by a historian alters our awareness of a historical event, as it is not possible to ask or investigate knowledge without having a preconceived notion of what you want to find.