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An essay on eco-feminism
Feminism and the environment
An essay on eco-feminism
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Barbara Kingsolver is an active Eco-Feminist and likes to portray her ecofeminism in the books that she writes. One particular book that shows Ecofeminism is Prodigal Summer. Prodigal Summer portrays Ecofeminism by showing how feminist view nature, how Females can be farmers, and how each of the female characters have power over the male characters and end up helping them. In my opinion, all ecofeminism is a category under Feminism that deals with feminism in nature and so I decided to take a look at how Eco-Feminism and Feminism, in general, coincide within the book Prodigal Summer.
Ecofeminism is in short deals with females who want to stand up for nature rights. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Ecofeminism is “a movement or theory that applies feminist principles and ideas to ecological issues” (60). So, ecofeminism is basically females who have a love of nature and want to protect it.
The movement of Ecofeminism didn’t start until the 1980’s which is close to the height of the Feminist movement.
Barbara Kingsolver can be considered an Ecofeminism because of her love of nature and wanting to protect it. According to Kirstin Tassel, Barbara Kingsolver wrote Prodigal Summer because it “presented provocative alternatives, where female farmers assume a central role in the portrayal of a new, ecologically based agrarianism” (83). One of the places that Barbara lives on is a farm in the Appalachia and she runs it with the help of her husband. She knows what her characters are going through in her book and so it goes to say that the book may mirror her life some.
One example of ecofeminism in Prodigal Summer is how females view nature. A character that portrays this is Deanna for she protects a na...
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...lped heal his loneliness.
Another woman that comes to mind that stands up to a man and helps him is Deanna. She stands up to Eddie Bondo and helps him realize how precious nature is. He starts off as a hunter wanting to hunt illegal in a nature preserve which Deanna is a ranger of. While writing her thesis she asks Eddie to look over it so that he could realize how precious nature is and how each thing in nature is predator and prey. She tells him that, “Coyotes aren’t just predators, they’re also a prey species. Unlike the blue whale or the grizzly, they’re real used to being hunted. Their main predator before we came along was wolves. Which we eared from the map of America as fast as we could” (325). So by stating fact to him through her thesis paper that she had to write she shows him how nature is really like and how it should be preserved and protected.
Kingsolver develops the story of a strong young woman, named Taylor Greer, who is determined to establish her own individuality. The character learns that she must balance this individualism with a commitment to her community of friends, and in doing this, her life is immeasurably enriched. Many books speak of family, community, and individuality. I believe, however, that the idea that Barbara Kingsolver establishes in her book, The Bean Trees, of a strong sense of individualism, consciously balanced with a keen understanding of community as extended family, is a relatively new idea to the genre of the American novel.
As soon as the novel begins, we are introduced to the concept of saving the environment. The book begins with the narrator explaining his life-long dream of helping the world. He says that the cultural revolution of the 1960’s contributed to his ambition. However, as time went on he
For this paper I decided to focus on Barbara Kingsolver's first two novels, The Bean Trees and Animal Dreams. The first topic that ...
Sandra Cisneros short story “Woman Hollering Creek”, has many allegories about culture, morality, and gender roles.
The Conservation movement was a driving force at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was a time during which Americans were coming to terms with their wasteful ways, and learning to conserve what they quickly realized to be limited resources. In the article from the Ladies’ Home Journal, the author points out that in times past, Americans took advantage of what they thought of as inexhaustible resources. For example, "if they wanted lumber for their houses, rails for their fences, fuel for their stoves, they would cut down half a forest at a time; and whatever they could not use or sell they would leave to rot on the ground. They never bothered their heads to inquire where more wood was coming from when this was gone" (33). The twentieth century opened with a vision towards the future, towards preserving the land that had previously been taken for granted. The Conservation movement came along around the same time as one of the first major waves of the feminist movement. With the two struggles going on: one for the freedom of nature and the other for the freedom of women, it stands to follow that they coincided. As homemakers, activists, and citizens of the United States of America, women have had an important role in Conservation.
Julia “Butterfly” Hill’s life before the act not only betrays nature by conducting her life through unconscious decisions, it violates the ecosystem, leading to the ignorance characterized by humans toward the environment. From Don Oldenberg’s “Julia Hill Butterfly, From Treetop to Grass Roots,” we learn of her upbringing where Julia grew up “dirt-poor” and set her sights on making money with no aspiration to “making the world a better place.” Her “backdoor activist” attitude substantiates that nature wasn’t her first priority. Likewise, she was insensible to the consequences her lifestyle had on the ecosyste...
There are many, different oppressions throughout human society that are intricately woven together and interconnected. Many of these oppressions are formed within a patriarchal, Christian theology and involve the body: the body of Earth, the bodies of women, the body of animals. Sallie McFague sets up a model of bodies to help break these connected oppressions. McFague’s work emphasizes that the body and its oppressions are what connects Christian theology, feminism, and ecology. Her model focuses on the metaphorical idea that the body of the earth is the body of God (McFague, 1993).
One example of a woman who is oppressed by men in the text is Odysseus’ wife Penelope. Although Penelope is queen of Ithaca, her power in the kingdom is limited. Her life is controlled by her son Telemachus and the Achaean suitors who have been taking advantage of the kingdom for several years. At one point in the text, Telemachus tells his mother “Words are for men, for all, especially for me; for power within this house rests here” (Homer, 7). This shows how men regard themselves as the ones with power over society, while they undervalue women’s role within society....
An environmentalist is a person who worships the environment and cares for nature more than people. Christians and others share the common perception that environmental ethics exist for how human beings should relate to the land, the free market, and the environmental. Humans share a relationship with all creations of the earth. But as humans, they find themselves as having a role in the created order, which is they have a closer relationship with the creator who has charged them with acting responsible within his creation. Even allowing a common complaint of environmental activists is that Stewardship means that the earth was made exclusively because of human beings - that having dominion over nature is the same as having the power and authority of dominion.
Griffin, Susan. Excerpts from Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her. Toronto: Harper & Row Perennial, 1978. 14 30
An ecocriticism is is a lens that looks at the relationship between people and the natural world. Thomas K. Dean gave a better description be stating, “Ecocriticism is a study of culture and cultural products (art works, writings, scientific theories, etc.) that is in some way connected with the human relationship to
She inspired from Simone de Beauvoir’s “The Second Sex”. (Hauke, 1995:33) Liberal feminist inspired from ‘The Feminine Mystique’. This book was also encouraged second wave feminism in United States. (Krolokke, 2005:11) However, in 1984 bell hooks –who is African American activist, educator, and writer- criticized Betty Friedan’s book. She complains about ignoring nonwhite women and working class women. In bell hooks book From Margin to Center, she explain Betty Friedan was only focused white, upper- and middle-class mothers and wives. (Fetters, 2013) After the book released, in October 11, 1963, The President’s Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) published a report which name is ‘American Women’. This report shows the women discrimination and advocate major reforms -like educational, economical- for women’s life. For example, major offers of this report are paid maternity leave, unemployment insurance, tax deductions for childcare, widow’s benefits etc. (Singer More: 1-4) In June 10, 1963, John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act. This sign made equal pay for equal work for both men and women. (Pearsall,
When women gained their right to vote after the passage of 19th amendment, which is well known as the first Wave of Feminism, the feminists’ political activities became less visible. The Second Wave of Feminism arises to question the gender inequality and domination of patriarchy in 1960s and 1970s along with rise of the Civil Right Movement and other social movements in seek of equality (Thomas West). The Second Wave of Feminism was a powerful political and social movement, which many see it as this era in America as ending in the early 1980s with the intra-feminism disputes of the “Feminist Sex Wars” over issues such as sexuality and pornography. Second Wave of Feminism broadened the debate to a wide range of issues, and established more equality and freedom for women in all walks of life and bettered their lives.
"This version of Mother Earth was an anarchist periodical aimed at bringing up progressive issues, and discuss these. It was in circulation among people in the radical community in the United States from 1933 - 1934." -- Wikipedia Repeatedly in history, conceptions of nature have served as ideological justifications for political theory. The most obvious example is the Hobbesian state of nature against which even the most oppressive government appears perfectly legitimate. Whereas in most cases of political theory, nature looks like an incompetent savage or unreliable tramp, some anarchist lines of argument instead offer versions of nature as infinite, loving, or otherwise better than the artifices to which it is implicitly opposed. Whether for or against nature, depictions of the natural world in political theory consider it in cultural units of meaning, a combination of icons and stereotypes that change not only our understanding of nature, but also of the units of meaning being referenced. In the early twentieth century journal Mother Earth, a construction of nature comes together, in a publication interested mostly in anarchist and feminist goals, that worshipped nature as a huge, consuming, feminine super being. Certain traits in the construction of nature in this journal form an account of nature as a particular type of femininity to be admired, a move laden both with direct strategic value and creeping implications for the idealizations of womanhood.
Though in theory, ecological feminism has been around for a number of years, it emerged as a political movement in the 1970s. Francoise d’Eaubonne, a French feminist philosopher, coined the term “Ecofeminism” in 1974. Ecofeminism is a feminist approach to environmental ethics. Karen Warren, in her book Ecofeminist Philosophy, claims that feminist theorists question the source of the oppression of women, and seek to eliminate this oppression. Ecofeminists consider the oppression of women, (sexism) the oppression of other humans (racism, classism, ageism, colonialism), and the domination of nature (naturism) to be interconnected. In her book New Woman/New Earth, Rosemary Radford Reuther wrote, “Women must see that there can be no liberation for them and no solution to the ecological crisis within a society whose fundamental model of relationships continues to be one of domination. They must unite the demands of the women’s movement with those of the ecological movement to envision a radical reshaping of the basic socioeconomic relations and the underlying values of this society (204).”