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Genetic drift detailed essay
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There are few factors that can alter the proportion of homozygotes and heterozygotes in a population: genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural selection. Genetic drift is the change in the gene pool that occurs in a small population due to chance. For example, let's say we are talking about a species of fish called Drew fish, well the Drew fish population was hit by an oil spill and many of them died. The remaining survivors form new colonies, and this results in genetic drift, the founder effect. Gene flow is about the movement of alleles. Well let's say a Prow Fish began to mate with the Drew fish this will bring about some gene flow because these Prow Fish are just the same species as Drew fish but a different population with different alleles, so they have yellow fins as oppose to blue. …show more content…
Mutation is a change in the organism's DNA. This change causes the gene pool too to change in an individual. It is rare, but it can have a cumulative effect over time. Mutations are uncommon but the source to all real new changes, but overall the new alleles rely on natural selection and genetic drift. If Drew Fish had a mutation that gave it legs and it began to mate with a member of the population it will be introducing a new gene to the population gene pool. Natural selection can cause change because in reproduction in which preferred Drew Fish mate can cause an increase in numbers of homozygous individuals in the population. Populations in a species consist of different genetic makeups, some of them are more successful at leaving offspring than
Thousands of animals are put to sleep each year due to not having any available homes for them to be adopted. According to Jennifer Sexton and Tom Warhol in Domestic Animal Overpopulation, “The average female cat can produce two litters of six kittens per year, a female dog can produce one litter of six or more puppies per year, making pet overpopulation a significant problem.” Animal overpopulation is costing money and you can help the pets with spay and neutering programs. A new solution is mandatory contracts for breeders and spay and neuter programs. This paper will talk about spay and neuter programs, contracts for breeders, and why some people don’t think animal overpopulation is a problem. Thankfully there are solutions to this issue of animal overpopulation.
There was a Dutchman named Hugo DeVries who found something interesting one day. He found a flower that had mutated. All of the Evolutionists went crazy over this and thought that this was their big breakthrough as to how life evolved. But scientists refute this claim because they can find no incident where a mutation is good. Every mutation that they have come across has hurt or damaged the organism. They describe a process called natural selection.
Species with low effective populations are subject to the influence of genetic drift – a stochastic evolutionary mechanism that moves an allele towards fixation, regardless of what fitness advantages or deleterious effects it may have (Wright, 1931). The bottle-necking of a population is expected to result in a decrease of genetic diversity, demonstrated by a decline in heterozygosity and the loss of alleles at a locus. These proxies for genetic diversity are influenced by different aspects of the bottleneck. While levels of heterozygosity are affected by how quickly the population grows following the release of the bottleneck, the number of alleles at a locus is affected by how narrow the bottleneck is (Nei et al., 1975). Although a bottleneck is expected to reduce genetic variation, there are several mechanisms that can skew the outcomes and limit this loss. Gene interactions (epistasis), dominance, and linkage disequilibrium can restrict the loss of, and, in some cases, inflate genetic diversity. Furthermore, inbreeding is common following a bottleneck, but many inbred families may be selected against if they are carriers of deleterious alleles (Cheverud et al., 1999).
...generations. If it is a beneficial mutation, then it will likely not only pass on through reproduction, but those offspring will have better odds of reproducing in order to “spread” that trait onto future offspring. This is the process of natural selection. If there are enough changes or the change is drastic enough, a new species can evolve. So, evolution comes about as a result of changes to DNA and some of those changes to DNA can come from external factors such as environment, climate, and culture.
Mutation happens when the DNA gene gets changed, moves, or is damaged. When this happens it causes the genetic message to be carried by that gene to be different. This process can occur in somatic cells. The somatic cells are all the cells that are a living organism except the reproductive cells, meaning the body. For example, the skin cells on your legs are and will not be passed on to ones offsprings. In addition those leg cells will not effect the evolution. Another occurrence is called gametic mutations, which is in a woman's eggs and or in a man's sperm. These are cells that are and can be passed on to ones offsprings, and they are the essentials for the evolution. There are three effects mutation causes to a species. Species can only takes on one of the three. The three effects are bad, neutral, and good. Having a bad mutation can cause one to have a harder time being able to survive. Having a neutral mutation will not change or help one to survive. Having a good mutation will help one to survive and have a better chance of survival. However, mutation is random in the evolution, and provides raw material for natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow...
During reproduction, changes in the chromosome is expected naturally due to the process called “crossover” in which chromosomes from the parent gets exchanged randomly. The chromosomes developed in offspring will definitely shows some traits of both the parents. In most rare cases the chromosomes gets replicated resulting in an offspring with no resemblance to parents. Now to make it clear, regarding the “mutation” process let us go further genetics; consider a case in which a parent chromosome having A-C-G-C-T produces an offspring of A-C-T-C-T due to some natural mistakes. Look onto a similar case when a typist is copying a book and make mistakes by copying wrongly spelled words which has no...
Throughout Canada’s economy, many industries factor how Canada makes money such as the mining industry, oil and natural gas industry, forest industry and even the agricultural industry. Although the most quick and deadly decline in an industry occurred the fishing industry. The fishing industry happened along east and west coastal areas where Atlantic cod or salmon were abundantly found while today the population of salmon is almost extinct and the moratorium in NL stands to protect fish in Canada. Today hardly any fish are able to reproduce themselves in the coastal seas where fishes were abundant about 30 years ago. The dramatic collapse of the fish population was of the regarding reasons the use of modern technology, mismanagement of the government and overfishing. To begin, fishing was done on a renewable basis by waiting until the fish were migrating and selected the fish they wanted. However, today both coasts of Canada’s fishery does not exist mainly due to the fact, after the 1950’s the new use of technology such as violent new boats with radar that have a electronic navigation systems and sonar allowed fisherman to follow the fish to their homes even in winter. This caused fisherman to fish year round, day and night, even in ice to the homes of fish. In addition, the use of huge nets also swept up many non-commercial species or commercial fish so young that they should have been left in the ocean to reproduce. In addition, one-third of the fish caught was actually taken to the market to sell while the rest were dumped (killed). The use of technology killed more fishes than any other centuries of fishing. The use of modern technology was not monitored thus killing more fish. With thousands of fish commercial or not the...
Humans have greatly impacted the global environment. Throughout the course of history, human populations have rapidly increased. Especially in Africa, these numbers have reached extraordinary proportions. Out of all the continents in the world, Africa’s population is increasing the most. The type of growth here is exponential. “Overpopulation is a condition when an organisms numbers exceeds the carrying of its ecological niche.” The growth rate of a population is equal to the birth rate minus the death rate. Therefore, for overpopulation to occur, the birth rate must surpass the death rate (Wiley). The current population of Nigeria is estimated to be 155,215,573. Most of the population consists of the younger generation. More specifically, 41% of the population is between the ages of 0-14. 56% of the population is between the ages of 15-64. However, only 3.1% of the population is 65 and over. This age group represents a very small part of the population. (CIA)
“A mutation is a sudden and unpredictable change in the genetic structure of an organism” (Mind Action Series: Life Science Textbook and Workbook Grade 12 FET, 2010). Mutations can be somatic, which means they occur in the somatic cells which have a full set of chromosomes but they are not used to carry hereditary information to future generations. Mutations can also be germ line, which occurs in the germ cells which come together to form the embryo and are therefore passed on to offspring. Mutations can be caused by chro...
AGenetic Drift is the variation in a population’s allele frequencies from one generation to the next as a result of chance events. Genetic Drift may cause some genes to disappear, and overall reducing the genetic variation in a certain population. There are two types of Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect and Founder Effect . An example of Genetic Drift would be the American Bison, which suffered a huge reduction in population numbers, after succumbing to the bottleneck effect . Due to the quick killings of the Bison, many alleles died with their carriers, and genetic variation decreased exponentially. The American Bison has been gaining numbers in the past couple decades but the genetic variation amongst the different animals is very small. Another example of Genetic Drift would be that of the Northern elephant seals. Also being the target of hunters, the N.Elephant seals population reduced to a shocking 20 individuals at the end of the 19th century . Even though their population is steadily increasing, their genes still carry the effects of the bottleneck. They N. Elephant
The mutation is manifested with a small change in the genetic string of the individuals. In the case of artificial genetic strings, the mutation is equal to a change in the elementary portion (allele) of the individuals’ code. The mutation takes place with characteristics different to those that the individuals had at the beginning, characteristics that didn't possibly exist in the population. From the point of view of problem optimization, it is equal to a change of the search area in the parameters space.
Evolution is the gradual change in an organisms gene pool over time, basically evolution is described in any change in the genetic makeup of an organism. The easiest way to show this is by stating examples of low level evolution as it has been observed. The best know case of this kind happened in England during the industrial evolution. There were two varieties of the English Peppered moth before the revolution, a light and a dark colored moth. The dark moth was almost nonexistent, as it was easy for predators to catch on the light colored trees. As the industrial revolution progressed, the amount of pollution in the air turned the trees a soot color, and as a result the light moths were easy for predators to spot. The light colored peppered moth all but died out, and was on the verge of extinction while the dark colored moth was thriving. In the last several decades the pollution in England has dropped and white moth is making a come back, and the dark moth is heading back towards oblivion. (Harter)
Sustainable harvest management of commercially important fishes is resident on the comprehension of the individual populations’(stocks) dynamics. Particularly, species with long longevity, delayed maturation process, sexual-sized dimorphism, it is imperative to have insights of population size, population age structure and inter-annual recruitment variability (Bruch, 1999; Scarnecchia et al., 2014). To understand population size of fish species becomes incomplete without insights into virtual population analysis. Generically referred to as Cohort analysis, Virtual Population Analysis has become a preeminent method of stock assessment since its inception 2-3 decades ago (MacCall, 1986). Further, information gained from Virtual Population Analysis (VPA) are often used in monitoring fisheries resources as well as providing more information on fish stock status in relation to growth overfishing and recruitment overfishing. due
Another mechanism is a hereditable type of evolution is mutations. Mutations are alterations to a gene. Mutation can be harmful, beneficial or neutral. Mutations are the origin of the source of genetic diversity (9).Mutation that are harmful, hinders the chances of the organism chances of survival and are likely to die along with the mutations. Beneficial mutations increase the chances of the individual to survive in its environment, and they will be more likely to reproduce and pass on the gene to future generations (9).
Evolution is the process of genetics being passed down from one organism to another thus resulting in the increased likely-hood of the organism surviving. For instance, if two different colored ants occupy the same environment, one ant being white and the other black, the one that best blends in with its surroundings is more likely to successfully reproduce do to the lower odds