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Polarization in US politics
Polarization in US politics
Polarization in US politics
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The U.S. presidential election, top of everyone’s mind, provides ample opportunity to examine groupthink within the broader context of democratic change. The results of the most recent election give one a chance to reflect on the patterns that exist within the historical context of the last several elections.
One pattern that does appear to emerge is that of group polarization and the seeming predilection of U.S. voters for risk-seeking behavior manifest in the instrument of change. To be precise, it seems voters display a consistent tendency to pick the riskiest choice of the two candidates presented by major political parties and this choice may reflect an underlying risk-preference in the electorate.
Examining the 2016 presidential election, one can see a clear dichotomy between two candidates who have widely disparate levels of government experience. On the one hand, Donald Trump was a political neophyte, having spent his entire career in the private sector building buildings, selling steaks and so on. Hillary Clinton, for her part, had been in public life since the 1970s and although she had almost no experience actually governing, she did serve one-and-a-third terms as U.S. Senator and four years as Secretary of State.
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Voters, nevertheless, opted for outside-the-beltway experience by electing Donald Trump to be the next president. Even going back to the primaries, of the field of 17 Republican candidates, Donald Trump had one of the least impressive resumes from the perspective of government experience. Voters, again, opted to make him their
It is seen that as political awareness increases, cultural division increases. Since 1972, the gap between Democrats and Republicans has doubled in 2004. Although this mass polarization is only seen within a minority of voters that happen to be college-educated, Marc Hetherington of Vanderbilt says “people with the greatest ability to assimilate new information, those with more formal education, are most affected by elite polarization”. The growth in polarization is noticeable because throughout the years the need for higher education has grown; no longer is a high school diploma enough. The younger generations are striving for college diplomas, which leads to more political agitation. It has been seen that affluence is out weighted by postgraduate education. American society is in a cultural war within itself since polarization has seeped down into the public. There is believed to be political differences that cannot be solved and this makes it hard for elected officials to solve problems they were elected to solve. There is a constant stand still with issues in America due to the high amount of polarization in this
The new American arrangement of popular government depended vigorously on political gatherings, so when the Democratic gathering parted, over the same subjugation issue bringing about turmoil surrounding,...
The United States of America has engaged in the battle known as political polarization since before its foundation in 1776. From the uprising against the powerful British nation to the political issues of today, Americans continue to debate about proper ideology and attempt to choose a side that closely aligns with their personal beliefs. From decade to decade, Americans struggle to determine a proper course of action regarding the country as a whole and will often become divided on important issues. Conflicts between supporters of slavery and abolitionists, between agriculturalists and industrialists, and between industrial workers and capitalists have fueled the divide. At the Congressional level there tends to be a more prevalent display of polarization and is often the blame of Congress’ inefficiency. James Madison intentionally designed Congress to be inefficient by instating a bicameral legislation. Ambition would counter ambition and prevent majority tyranny. George Washington advised against political parties that would contribute to polarization and misrepresentation in his Farewell Address of 1796. Washington warns, “One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts.” Today, the struggle to increase power between political parties results in techniques to gain even the smallest marginal gains. To truly understand political polarization, we must examine data collected through a variety of means, the effects of rapidly changing technology, and observe what techniques are used to create such a polarized political system.
In discussing the problems surrounding the issue of factionalism in American society, James Madison concluded in Federalist #10, "The inference to which we are brought is that the causes of cannot be removed and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects." (Federalist Papers 1999, 75) In many ways, the nature of American politics has revolved around this question since our country's birth. What is the relationship between parties and government? Should the party serve as an intermediary between the populace and government, and how should a government respond to disparate ideas espoused by the factions inherent to a free society. This paper will discuss the political evolution that has revolved around this question, examining different "regimes" and how they attempted to reconcile the relationship between power and the corresponding role of the people. Beginning with the Federalists themselves, we will trace this evolution until we reach the contemporary period, where we find a political climate described as "interest-group liberalism." Eventually this paper will seek to determine which has been the most beneficial, and which is ultimately preferable.
Since the late 1700’s, an era where the formation of political parties began, people have come together based upon similar views or opinions, otherwise known in the political world as factions. Factions have created political parties, factions have also created freedom. Madison claimed that there were two methods of relieving the mischiefs of factions; removing its causes or controlling its effects. “There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the s...
There is much debate in the United States whether or not there is polarization between our two dominate political parties. Presidential election results have shown that there is a division between the states; a battle between the Democratic blue states and the Republican red states. And what is striking is that the “colors” of these states do not change. Red stays red, and blue stays blue. Chapter 11 of Fault Lines gives differing views of polarization. James Wilson, a political science professor at Pepperdine University in California, suggests that polarization is indeed relevant in modern society and that it will eventually cause the downfall of America. On the contrast, Morris Fiorina, a political science professor at Stanford University, argues that polarization is nothing but a myth, something that Americans should not be concerned with. John Judis, a senior editor at The New Republic, gives insight on a driving force of polarization; the Tea Party Movement. Through this paper I will highlight the chief factors given by Wilson and Judis which contribute to polarization in the United States, and will consider what factors Fiorina may agree with.
“The beauty of me is that I am very rich” according to Donald Trump. His ignorance has lead him to do things that he shouldn’t being doing or has done. In the past few months he has been racist man that would insult people that are from a different race. When Trump started running for president he would insult and bully everybody in general not knowing the people’s stories. He made people seem like they are poor and have nothing to live for, Trump’s inability to see past his greed. He wants to separate the United States and wants people to think he is the best of the best; Trump should not be President.
The Life and Legacy of Donald Trump Donald John Trump was born in Queens, New York on June 14, 1946 (Ask Men 3). The fourth child of Fred and Mary-Anne Trump, Donald was born into wealth and prosperity. His family operated a profitable New York real estate developing company, specializing in middle-income housing, Elizabeth Trump & Sons (Biography 2). Trump was an energetic child and was sent to military school during his teen years to learn to disciple (Ask Men 5). He succeeded at The New York Military Academy and became a star student, football, baseball, and soccer player (Encyclopedia of World Biography 2).
Democracy is rule by the people; the people elect governing officials based off of their personal values and beliefs. Different political parties rule the political scene and are serving to represent the people’s opinions in the best ways possible. Previously, I had a belief that my political view was essentially the only one possible and therefore it was the best. These views changed quickly once I learned the different political parties, their views, how they represent the people’s views, and how public opinion shapes politics. The government is formed around differentiating opinions on which policies should be in place and which social aspects need to be considered first. Not only is the government guided by opinion, but the people’s lives are guided by opinion as well. Each individual holds a different view, and each view can have an influence on society. Fortunately, after roughly eight weeks of studying American Government, I now have a better sense of complexity and the value of
The political culture that defines American politics shows that despite this compromise, America is still very much a democratic society. The very history of the country, a major contributor to the evolution of its political culture, shows a legacy of democracy that reaches from the Declaration of Independence through over two hundred years to today’s society. The formation of the country as a reaction to the tyrannical rule of a monarchy marks the first unique feature of America’s democratic political culture. It was this reactionary mindset that greatly affected many of the decisions over how to set up the new governmental system. A fear of simply creating a new, but just as tyrannic... ...
In the midst of one of the most controversial presidential elections in history, both political parties are struggling to prove that their candidate is the best choice. Clinton and Trump’s disapproval ratings are very low, but one has to ask, is there really a lesser evil to choose from? While Clinton has had her own fair share of past discrepancies, Trump’s track record proves much more troublesome. Donald Trump has proven to be an untrustworthy presidential candidate because of his misogynistic actions, his racial bias, and his corrupt business history.
Since the genesis of the United States of America, political scientists and figures have recounted tales of war between the ideologies of political groups. In his farewell address, even George Washington, first president of the United States, warned against “the danger of parties in the State” as well as “the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally” (Washington). Since human beings are reluctant to heed good advice, the “mischiefs of factions” (Madison), since then, have come about and been growing and changing, and political alliances have been strengthening and evolving, so much so that they have progressed into a form of hierarchical organizations that foster environments in which everyday Americans can come together and celebrate their concurring political beliefs. At present day, political polarization is stronger than it has ever been before, proven by the decline of centrist members in Congress, the increasingly partisan voting behaviors of the American public, and the widening social gap between Republicans and Democrats. This intense partisanship has several implications on the functioning of the American government, delineated by the increased time it takes to confirm presidential nominations in a divided branch government, 30 percent legislation decrease in a divided legislative government, and the overall decline of honest discussion in the American political atmosphere.
American democracy was built on the foundation of compromises. For example, the Constitution would have never been ratified if the Bills of Rights was not part of the compromise. In a system that is built on making compromises, it is dangerous to have high levels of political polarization. The Republican-controlled House and the Democrat-controlled Senate are constantly at a gridlock and are on the path to becoming the most unproductive Congress since World War II. Despite the “growth” of self-proclaimed Independent, a quick look at their voting history would show that they are usually weak Democrats or weak Republicans. In American politics, party identification is still the single best indicator of how a person will vote. In recent years, both parties have become smaller and more ideologically homogeneous; Republicans are dominated by conservatives, while a growing number of Democrats call themselves liberals. Most Americans claim that they see important differences between the parties and many feel that they must stay loyal to their party especially during presidential elections.
Many go as far to say that the opposing party’s policies endanger the nation. Also, there has been a rise in negative views of the opposing party which does not help unite the country when it comes to politics. The people who are deeply involved with politics are more likely to have a strong negative feeling toward the opposing party. Intense dislike of political opposition is linked to other views and behaviors as well like ideological polarization, which makes the American people hold consistently liberal or conservative views regarding a wide range of views. These situations make people divided and less actions in democracy are made because no decisions are made which creates problems for the American people. For example, when Barack Obama took office in 2008 and in 2012 the levels of antipathy grew because the conservatives were angrier than the liberals. The Republican discontent persisted from the beginning of Obama’s presidency. There has been an increased level of partisan division over the presidential performance over the past 60 years. Partisans have become more uniform in their disapproval of presidents that are from the other party; which also makes them more inclined to negative evaluations of the person holding office. Having negative views of the opposing party and its leaders correlates with political
There are many factors that contribute to one’s political view. According to the book, due to the overwhelming statistics of my category, the political party I should belong to is Democratic. The characteristics that this decision is based off of is gender, race, ethnicity, age, and religion. These subjects all weigh on the view and values people acquire throughout their childhood and adolescence. Moreover, adopting a political opinion is crucial for those that desire to voice their concern on governmental matters. Although according to the book, American Government: Roots and Reform, many people are lacking the right to voice their concern on governmental issues, and so are left unheard. The governmental parties are a contributing factor to the system, it is practically the foundation of the political ideology in America.