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Advantages and disadvantages of macro and microeconomics
Compare the view of classical economics with modern economics
Compare the view of classical economics with modern economics
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Macroeconomics presents the educational function to help students become the future economics specialist, forming a critical thinking about the complex functioning of the contemporary economy. Thus, the field of study of Macroeconomics has evolved over time, through a long process of confrontation of various theories of thinking and economic application. Moreover, Macroeconomia investigates the economy at a national level as a whole, targeting the aggregation of individual economic behaviors across the economy as well as the resulting global effects: unemployment, inflation, cyclical development, imbalance in external economic exchanges, external economic relations. Accordingly, the macroeconomic outcomes are the outputs of the aggregate …show more content…
Classical economic theory allows at the same time the intervention of the individual acting on his / her own interest, being responsible but at the same time free to make the necessary economic decisions that bring personal benefits, which gives transparency economic resources, these being allocated according to the wishes of individuals and enterprises in the market. However, Classical economic theory uses value theory to determine prices in the economic …show more content…
The classical economy underlines the fact that free markets lead to an efficient outcome and that it is self-regulating compared to the Keynesian economy, which argues that the economy may be under full capacity for a considerable time due to imperfect markets.
In the study of macroeconomics, the classical economy assumes that the long-term aggregate supply curve is inelastic, and as a result, any deviation from the full job will be temporary, a totally controversial topic by Keynesian specialists. The theories of unemployment are also totally different from the fact that the form of aggregate supply and the role of aggregate demand have a major influence in influencing economic
In conclusion, regardless of Macropoland’s current economic condition, it is fair to say that it is all part of the business cycle. The business cycle has three parts: peak, trough, and peak. The peak is the date that the recession starts. In Macropoland’s case, the peak would be at the beginning of 1973, its trough somewhere between 1973 and 1974, and then its peak again at 1974. In the second scenario, Macropoland is either at its trough, where it is about to head up again because of its low inflation rate, or it is at its expansion, on its way to heading to its next peak.
Classical economics as postulated by the 19th century British economist David Ricardo states – in modern economic terms – that an economy will achieve its natural levels of employment (full employment) and reach its potential output on its own without any government intervention. While the economy may undergo periods of less than natural levels of employment or not yet reach its potential output, it will, in the long run, do so. If Mr. Ricardo was still alive, his favorite album would be The Long Run by The Eagles (1979). Using modern economic terms to further describe classical economics, an economy will tend to operate at a level given by the long-run aggregate supply curve. While many believe that the concepts of classical economics are for a by-gone era, that is not always the case.
Keynes and Hayek represent different options. Should we steer markets or set them free? “Which way should we choose, More bottom up or more top down?” (Fight of the Century). These questions reflect the opposite ways Keynes and Hayek address the economy. Keynes wants to “steer” the economy from the “top down.” From his understanding of the economy, Keynes theorizes that the market can be directed by those with the power to do so to accomplish goals leading to a prosperous economy. This is the basis in his approach to dealing with recessions where the government or central bank manipulates the economy. The other side is a free market from the “bottom up” on which Hayek stakes his claim. Instead of steering the economy, Hayek proposes to leave it alone. Do not try to control it, but let the market determine the interest rate and price level, as it eventually will, through supply and demand. In this way, control is not exerted downward, but reality is expressed from basic economic forces. Fundamentally, Keynes’s model focuses more on the spending and consumption aspects of GDP, and Hayek’s approach focuses more on the investing aspect which flows from saving. These are the options from which to choose. Keynes vs. Hayek, Short run vs. long run, controlled vs. free, top down vs. bottom up, each possibility has its negatives and positives. This debate is not wrapped up
Kroon, George E. Macroeconomics The Easy Way. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc., 2007. Print.
- The free market economic theory provides the rationale for the managerial responsibility to make as much money for their stockholders as possible. The justification of the free market is based on the utilitarian ethical principle that one should act so as to maximize the overall good. Therefore, the overall good in terms of the economic model is that of the stockholders.
The disparities between the two views of the economy lead to very different policies that have produced contradictory results. The Keynesian theory presents the rational of structuralism as the basis of economic decisions and provides support for government involvement to maintain high levels of employment. The argument runs that people make decisions based on their environments and when investment falls due to structural change, the economy suffers from a recession. The government must act against this movement and increase the level of employment by fiscal injections and training of the labour force. In fact, the government should itself increase hiring in crown corporations. In contrast the Neoliberal theory attributes the self-interest of individuals as the determinant of the level of employment.
New Classical Economists believe that the economy is hit by unpredicted shocks. Shocks to aggregate demand are usually unpredicted changes in monetary policy or fiscal policy. Shocks to aggregate supply are usually changes in productivity. This results from changes to things such as technology, prices of capital goods, or organization of production. New Classical economists believe that firms would choose to produce more and pay their workers more if the economy has been hit by favorable shocks and less if the economy has been hit by unfavorable shocks. Also, workers would be willing to work more if productivity and wage rates are high and to take more leisure if their rewards are low.
Classical Economics is a theory that suggests by leaving the free market alone without human intervention; equilibrium will be obtained. This theory was the first school of thought for economists and one of the major theorists and founders of Classical Economics was Adam Smith. Smith stated, “By pursuing his own interest, he (man) frequently promotes that (good) of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I (Adam Smith) have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good.”(Patil) Classical Economic theory assumes three basic ideas: Flexible Prices, Shay’s Law, and Savings-Investment equality. Flexible prices in Classical theory suggests prices will rise and fall as needed but is not always true, due to, the interference of government agencies including unions and laws. Smith stated in the Wealth of the Nation (1776), “Civil government, so far it is instituted for the security of property, is in reality instituted for the defense of the rich against the poor, or of those who have some property against those who have none at all.” (Patil) Shay’s Law implies supply creates its own demand and demand is not based on production or supply.
The dominating Keynesian paradigm seemed particularly successful in explaining the macroeconomic fluctuations before the mid-1970s while it became more apparent that later development in the real world revealed serious shortcomings of the earlier analysis which could not be seen as a proper interpretation for understanding the business cycles. According to Plosser (1989), the view that Keynesian economics was an empirical success even if it lacked sound theoretical foundations could no longer be taken seriously. The essential flaw in the Keynesian interpretation of macroeconomic phenomenon was the absence of a consistent foundation based on the choice-theoretic framework of microeconomics. With this emerging stagflation phenomenon in mind, the quiet different approaches to the explanation of business cycles fluctuations have been pursued. And the revival of business cycle theory is brought by the development of New Classical macroeconomics. Friedman (1968) and Lucas (1976) critically posed a challenge to the Keynesian model. Friedman argued that the long-run Phillips Curve should be vertical and the sustained inflation is compatible with any level of real demand of goods. Lucas...
The crucial importance and relevance of economics related disciplines to the modern world have led me to want to pursue the study of these social sciences at a higher level. My study of Economics has shown me the fundamental part it plays in our lives and I would like to approach it with an open mind - interested but not yet fully informed.
Tragakes, E. (2012). Economics for the IB diploma (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
=== A study of economics in terms of whole systems especially with reference to general levels of output and income and to the interrelations among sectors of the economy is called macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is concerned with the behavior of the economy as a whole—with booms and recessions, the economy’s total output of goods and services and the growth of output, the rates of inflation and unemployment, the balance of payments, and exchange rates. Macroeconomics deals with the increase in output and employment over long period of time—that is economic growth—and with the short-run fluctuations that constitutes the business cycle. Macroeconomics focuses on the economic behavior and policies that effect consumption and investment, trade balance, the determinants of changes in wages and prices, monetary and fiscal policies, the money stock, the federal budget, interest rates, and national debt. In brief, macroeconomics deals with the major economic issues and problems of the day.
Inflation and unemployment are two key elements when evaluating a whole economy, and it is also easy to get those figures from the National Bureau of Statistics when you want to evaluate them. However, the relationship between them is a controversial topic, which has been debated by economists for decades. From some famous economists such as Paul Samuelson, Milton Freidman, etc. to some infamous economists, this topic received a lot of attention. However, it is this debate that makes the thinking about it evolve. In this essay, the controversial topic will be discussed by viewing different economists’ opinions on the subject according to time sequencing.
Economics is probably the science that arguably has had the most impact in today’s times. In fact it can barely be called a science in a strict sense, since human behavior is not governed by laws of nature unlike other non living objects, which makes the prediction and forecasting stock prices, economic conditions all the more difficult. In recent decades economists have tried to give a more structured and mathematical explanation to their theories concerning how human beings make their decisions. However these theories have come under immense criticism as they don’t hold true in real time. In reality, human beings rarely behave rationally which is the basic assumption in many of the economic theories; rather we make a lot of our decisions based on our intuition and limited knowledge available to us. When the financial crisis of 2008 came upon us, a lot of questions were raised on the apparent predictive abilities of the various economic theories. Merely 12 economists were able to foresee the massive crisis which now shows signs of deepening into a double dip recession.
New classic theorist believe that high unemployment is not evident of a gap in actual or potential output however a result of random