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Darwin's theory of natural selection
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Dichotomous Key Prior to evolutionary theory, scientists relied on similarity of physical characteristics to classify organisms. An 18th century naturalist, Carolus Linneas, developed a taxonomic classification system. This hierarchical system divides organisms into 5 kingdoms. Organisms visible to the unaided human eye fall into the plant, animal, or fungi kingdom. Kingdoms are then divided into phylum. This division is based body type and skeletal organization. Phylum are then divided into subphylum. Subphylum are divided into classes, orders, genus, and then species. This system of classification is still used by scientists today[1]. In this assignment, seven organisms are presented which are to be classified into phylum or class based on a dichotomous key. The first organism presented in this assignment is a starfish. Starfish fall into the class Asteroidea. Starfish have a regular body shape with radial symmetry. It has arms which extend from a central disk and has a knobby body surface. Using these physical characteristics, we would classify the starfish into the Kingdom Animalia, phylum Echinodermata, and class Asteroidea. The second organism is a species of bird. Again using the dichotomous key, we find that this organism has a regular body shape. The bird has bilateral symmetry with an internal skeleton. The bird’s appendages are jointed, not fin-like. The body of the bird is not covered in scales, the skin is covered with feathers and claws are present. Using these physical characteristics we find that this organism falls into the class Aves The third organism appears to be a type of shark. The shark has a regular body shape with bilateral symmetry and an internal skeleton. The body of this animal is not fish-like and appendages are jointed. The body is not covered by scales and claws are absent. Therefore, this organism falls into the class Amphibian. The fourth organism has a regular body shape with bilateral symmetry and an internal skeleton. The organism has a fish-like body with
Fox, R. 2001. Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine: Artemia Franciscana. Lander University. http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/artemia.html, retrieved February 13, 2011.
The summer of 1964, President Lyndon Baines Johnson finally decided to sign the Civil Rights Act. This bill permitted people of all races and skin tones to be free from segregation. It promised the extension on voting rights, stronger equal employment opportunities, and guaranteed all Americans the right to use public facilities such as schools, restaurants and swimming pools (Politics or Principle 405). Many Americans questioned if the true decision behind President Johnson signing the civil rights act of 1964 was political or principle. I strongly believe Johnson signed it in a principle matter due to seeing different perspectives in living with prejudice, he would do anything to get the bill signed and he was finally free from the South's persuasive bonds.
The picture above shows the vast difference that there can be in animals, to the right is Emerita Analoga (sand crab), and to the left is Zalophus Californianus (California Sea Lion). The sand crab is an invertebrate while the seal is a vertebrate and mammal. Invertebrates make up 90% of all an...
Following the victory of the North over the South in the civil war, Black Americans were given independence. This led to court rulings such as the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendment, which granted all citizens equality before the law and stated that, the ‘right to vote should not be denied ... on account of race’. However, in practice these Amendments were not upheld, there were no measures in place to implement these rulings and no prevention of the ill treatment of Black Americans. Due to these new rulings, De Facto segregation increased especially with the establishment of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Also, in the South although the 15th Amendment gave everyone the right to vote, Jim Crow laws were put in place to deliberately prevent Black Americans from voting. Black Americans had differing views on how to deal with their situation, while some felt it was best to accept the status quo, others wanted to fight for equal rights but disagreed on whether they should integrate with whites or remain separate.
Jackson, James R. and Kimler, William C. "Taxonomy and the Personal Equation: The Historical Fates of Charles Girard and Louis Agassiz". Journal of the History of Biology. 32 (1999): 509-555.
Until the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., his life’s work was dedicated to the nonviolent actions of blacks to gain the freedoms they were promised in the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 by Abraham Lincoln. He believed that “injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere” (King, 1963). These injustices had become so burdensome to blacks that they were “plunged into an abyss of despair” (King, 1963). The nonviolent actions of the sit-ins, boycotts, and marches were so the “individual could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths…to help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism” and ultimately lead to “inevitably opening the door to negotiation” (King, 1963). Not only was King’s approach effective with the older black generation, it was also successful with white people. They did not feel threatened when approached by King. White people gained a sense of empathy towards the plight of black freedom as King’s promise of nonviolence did not threaten their livelihood. Malcolm X viewed the world similarly to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., however; his beliefs to changing the status quo were slightly different from his political counterpart. Malcolm X realized that “anger could blind human vision” (X, 1965). In realizing this, X knew that in order to achieve racial freedom blacks had to “forget hypocritical politics and propaganda” (X, 1965). While Malcolm X was more so an advocate for violent forces against white people than King, X merely used force when it became necessary for defense. According to X, “I don’t go for non-violence if it also means a delayed solution. I am for violence if non-violence means we continue postponing a solution to American black man’s problem” (X, 1965). However, this le...
Absolutism is a political theory giving rulers complete sovereignty. Louis XIV was one of the most popular successful absolute monarchs. He exercised absolute paternal rights of a father on France and his powers were unlimited by church, legislature, or elites. Calling himself the "Sun King" after the God Apollo, he worked to banish feudalism and create a unified state under his absolute power. To illustrate this power he built the Palace at Versailles and created an elaborate, theatrical royal lifestyle. His reign of 72 years, from 1638 to 1715, it is the longest documented reign of any European monarch. To establish absolutism in France Louis XIV used divers strategies including the centralization of the French state, diminishing the nobles' power and oppressing the third estate.
During Abraham Lincoln’s presidency, Southern states thought the government was becoming too strong. They seceded from the United States so that the North could not control them. President Lincoln said that he would fight to keep the Southern states a part of the Union, when the Confederates opened fire on Lincoln’s union army in Fort Sumter, it began the Civil War. Although originally the purpose of the war was to keep the Southern States a part of the Union, it later evolved into a war over the abolishment of slavery.
The concept of transitional species is an important and complex notion in evolutionary biology. To begin with, there is no such thing as transitional species since all living things were always evolving in the past, not stopping at one stage or another, and they will continue to evolve in the future. In terms of evolutionary biology, we use the concept of transitional species as a way to dim ambiguity. Much like the use of the Linnean taxonomic system of species, we come up with concepts like transitional species to organize and classify species in order to understand their evolutionary roots and how those species changed through life’s history to become what they are today. “In the same way that the concept of species can be provisionally meaningful to describe organisms at a single point in time, the concept of transitional species can be provisionally meaningful to describe organisms over a length of time, usually quite a long time, such as hundreds of thousands or millions of years” (111). Though it can be difficult to distinguish what can be considered an ancestral species from another, the fossil record can show us how species change through time as they develop ways to adapt to stresses found in their environments. “In the modern sense, organisms or fossils that show intermediate stages between ancestral and that of the current state are referred to as transitional species” (222). The concept of transitional species is, in essence, fairly straight forward. This paper will outline the concept of transitional (or sometimes termed intermediate) species and the latter’s role in evolutionary biology, as well as go in depth about several common transitional species: Tiktaalik, an animal at the cusp between life in the water and ...
The connection-autonomy dialectic is the dialectical tension that I have found to be most challenging in my relationships, especially in my friendships, or lack of them. Finding a balance on the spectrum of these two has always been harder for me and is something that I continue to struggle with. I would say that my entire life I have fallen more on the autonomy side of this dialectical continuum. When I was younger I just thought I was shy, but as I have gotten older and explored my personality, I have realized that I am just very introverted and would really rather be alone. It is kind of depressing to say, but my social life consists of my retail job because after all that interaction I am just drained
Arthropods are animals belonging to the phylum Arthropoda, which is the largest of all phyla in the Animal Kingdom, with more than one million species, making them almost 80% of the whole kingdom. These include insects, arachnids, crustaceans and many more, most of which are quite small, the biggest being the Japanese Spider Crab with a leg span of 3.5 meters and the smallest being the microscopic Plankton.
Plurality is also known as “first past the post,” plurality is by far the most common voting system for single-winner races. Unfortunately your “vote” is the name of a single candidate, and the most named candidate wins.
A final example of a commensal relationship is a titan triggerfish. It is often referred to as giant triggerfish because of its size ad belongs to the Animalia kingdom and the balistidae family. It has the ability to develop and generate feeding opportunities for smaller fish. It can move large rocks that are too big for the small fish to move by themselves.
I agree with the opinion that conflict should be seen as a positive rather than a negative. However, conflict can either be positive or negative depending on the parties involved and the mediation and negotiation styles. According to the authors in the art and practice of mediation, despite the fact we usually think of conflict as a negative term, it brings a positive side which enables parties enhance relationships, understand the root of the conflict, reinforce values of society and provides moral development and growth steps (Bishop, Picard, Ramkay and Sargent, 2015, p. 94, chapter 4)
Lamarck worked Jardin des Plantes in Paris, and later at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle where he became a professor of zoology. In 1801, he published Système des Animaux sans Vertebres, a landmark in invertebrate taxonomy. It was him that originated the distinction between...