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The effect of pH on the rate of enzymatic reactions
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1. Introduction 1.1. Aim 1.2. Theory and principles 1.3. Application of principles 2. Experimental 2.1. Table of list of materials 2.2. List of apparatus 2.3. Procedure 3. Data and calculations 3.1. Record of all relevant raw data 3.2. Calculations with statistical manipulations 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Interpretation of data and comparison of results with known values 4.2. Discussion of the significance of the results 4.3. Was the original aim achieved 4.4. Conclusion 5. References 1. Introduction 1.1. Aim To determine the kinetic parameters known as Vmax and Km of Alkaline Phosphatase. This will be done by determining and investigating the optimum pH and temperature at which Alkaline Phosphatase function. 1.2. Theory and principles Enzymes are the most efficient catalysts known. (1) Enzymes are biomolecules that catalyze chemical reactions by decreasing the Activation Energy (the minimum energy required in a chemical system in order for a chemical reaction to take place), which in turn increases the rate of the chemical reaction. The catalyst itself does not change or is not consumed in the reactions they catalyze. Enzymatic reactions consist of substrates and products. According to the Oxford Dictionary a substrate is “the substance on which an enzyme acts” and a product is “ a substance produced during a natural or chemical process”. (2) In general, all chemical reactions require enzymes in order to occur at an acceptable tempo for life in biological systems. Enzymes are very substrate-specific. This specificity of the enzyme molecule is due to the complementary shape of the active site of the protein and the substrate. An enzyme consists of two p... ... middle of paper ... ...s vs. pH on x-axis, reaction rate at which pH was at its maximum could be determined. 4.2. Discussion of the significance of the results 4.3. Was the original aim achieved 4.4. Conclusion 5. References Works Cited 1. Campbell MK, Farrell SO. Biochemistry. 7th ed.: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning; 2012. 2. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Dictionaries. [Online].; 2014 [cited 2014 April 19. Available from: www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/substrate. 3. Mason KA, Losos JB, Singer SR. Biology. 10th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2014. 4. AG Scientific. AG Scientific. [Online].; 2014 [cited 2014 April 19. Available from: www.agscientific.com/molecular-biology/molecular-biology.html. 5. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. [Online].; 2002 [cited 2014 April 21. Available from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store.
After conducting this experiment and collecting the data I would have to say that the optimal temperature for enzyme activity would have to be room temperature which in my experiment was thirty-four degrees Celsius. I came to this answer because the glucose test strip showed that at room temperature there was more glucose concentration that at either of the other temperatures. Due to temperature extremes in the boiling water the enzymes could no longer function because the breakdown of lactose stopped. The cold water also hindered the breakdown of the lactose but as the water warmed the enzymes were more active which can be seen in the results for the cold water at 20 minutes B. Describe the relationship between pH and the enzymatic activity of lactase.
Miller, K. R., & Levine, J. S. (2010). Miller & Levine biology. Boston, Mass: Pearson
Cain, M. L., Urry, L. A., & Reece, J. B. (2010). Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings.
Miller, Kenneth R. and Joseph S. Levine. “Chapter 12: DNA and RNA.” Biology. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Print.
15ml of Buffer Solution at pH 8.4 produced the amount of oxygen required in 0.44cm³ per second. On the other hand, 15ml of Buffer Solution at pH 4.4 produced this amount of oxygen in 1.45cm³ per second. We can clearly see that when the Buffer Solution's pH concentration is increased, this has the same effect on the speed of the reaction, which is the effect of pH on the
Background information:. Enzyme Enzymes are protein molecules that act as the biological catalysts. A Catalyst is a molecule which can speed up chemical reactions but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. Enzymes catalyze most of the metabolic reactions that take place within a living organism. They speed up the metabolic reactions by lowering the amount of energy.
Schulman, Joshua M., and David E. Fisher. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Aug. 0005. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
Enzymes have the ability to act on a small group of chemically similar substances. Enzymes are very specific, in the sense that each enzyme is limited to interact with only one set of reactants; the reactants are referred to as substrates. Substrates of an enzyme are the chemicals altered by enzyme-catalysed reactions. The extreme specific nature of enzymes are because of the complicated three-dimensional shape, which is due to the particular way the amino acid chain of proteins folds.
All references and resources are taken from the Public Library of Science, Biology March 2004 issue and from Science March 16, 2004
The rate equation is in terms of concentration over time and the reaction rate compares the increase/decrease
= = pH 1 2 3 Average Rate of Reaction (cm3/s): 0 - 0. 3 0 0 0 0 0.000 5 0 0 0 0
The Effects of Concentration on Reaction Rate with Sodium Thiosulphate ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Planning = == == =
My aim in this piece of work is to see the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction in a solution of hydrochloric acid containing sodium thiosulphate.
... The Web. 4 Feb. 2014. Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology.
t = time, a = volume of reactant, k is a constant of proportionality; x is the order of reaction. Because k is a constant of proportionality 1/t is directly proportional to the rate of reactant. Then to find out the order of reaction in a catalysed system the volume of ammonia molbydate is varied and the concentration of the other reactants kept the same. Thirdly to investigate the activation energies, the concentrations are kept the same and the temperature is varied.