Assignment 1
Question 1
(i) The profit in calculating the rate of cancer in a cluster depends on the goal and context of the investigation. Usually, the objective is to determine if a workplace-related exposure is increasing cancer risk. However, these investigations are often raised in the context of staff dissatisfaction and media pressure which must not be discounted in the decisions made. The main purpose of calculating and comparing the rate of cancer in the workplace to the community rate would be to determine if the rate is unusually high or not. If the workplace rate is no different to the community rate, the investigation may even be stopped at this stage. Another, practical, motivation behind calculating the rate would be the staff pressure to do so. If this pressure was resisted, the investigator’s rapport with staff may be damaged which may hinder further progression of the investigation.
However, there is some danger in calculating the rates, mainly due to its
…show more content…
However, if not doing so would damage my rapport with the employees, I would calculate the rate but be firm about the dangers of over-interpretation. I would then focus on pinpointing any specific workplace and other exposures that may have contributed to a higher rate. However, it is still possible that the cancer cases are unrelated to each other or the workplace (occurred by chance).
(ii) If 30 cases had been identified out of 3000 employees, this would improve the power of the study as there is an increased sample size. However, all the other aforementioned problems with calculating a rate would remain and a higher rate would still not be indicative of a cancer-causing workplace exposure. Therefore, I would still avoid calculating rates in this case.
Question
I think the chapter that helps to support her main point the most is chapter four titled “Space.” In this chapter, she discussed a great deal about the geographic distribution of cancer as well as the environment of the people who are more likely to get cancer. This includes: job type, living location, and living surroundings. To expand on each, she states that workers with
In March of this year I attended a cancer lecture mandated by my Volunteer Fire Department by Oncologist Kenneth R. Kunz, M.D., Ph.D. According to Kunz cancer is a natural part of life and if you live long enough you will inevitably develop some form of the disease. Kunz also stated that the cancer rate of firefighters involved with the 9/11 emergency response was noticeably higher than that of other firefighters. This is supported in a study funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (The Lancet). According to this research the events of 9/11 created a disaster area that resulted in occupational exposure to known carcinogens for 12,500 first responders. The study consisted of 9853 Wor...
Note that the introduction of screening may produce short-term rises (AIHW, Cancer incidence projections) due to greater detection.
The risks that can develop cancer are complicated and complex. To indicate one single cause of cancer is hard. However, certain environmental causes are strongly interrelated with the cause of particular cancers, such as cigarette smoking and lung cancer and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer (CancerSource). It is also known that, “Ionizing radiation consists of x-rays, UV light, and radioactivity whose energy can damage cells and chromosomes. Radioactivity increases the risk of cancer.” Source to indicate the effects of radioactivity is the U.S bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After all these years, the Japanese are still suffering from all kinds of cancer caused by many long lived chemicals such as Strontium-90 and Cesium-147 from the fallout. “High rate of leukemia” was found among the people who had survived Hiroshima and Nagasa...
This statistical statement is meant to distract the reader from the real argument, which is how the doctors were taking cervical cancer cells from their patients without their consent. This fallacy hurts Skloot’s credibility because as a reader it seems like she is ignoring one of her main points in her argument, which is the unethical removal of their patient’s cells that doctors were
The leading cause of death in America is lung cancer. Lung cancer is ranked top 10 fatal cancers in the United States. There are many types of ways to get lung cancer. There is radon gas it occurs outdoors naturally. Then there is second hand smoke that comes from other people smoking. People are even getting lung cancer from cancer causing agents, this happens from carcinogens. You can also get it from air pollution indoors and outdoors. Also there are gene-mutations that form cancer causing cells. Then there is the one everyone blamed lung cancer is smoking.
The health department of this corporation started doing research on its employees who work at sites constructing. Robinson had very high cholesterol, which could later lead to heart problems, and other serious illnesses, all related to being over weight. One of these health risks that I feel I could become extremely at risk for is
According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer health disparities are defined as the adverse differences between specific populations and the achievement of an optimal state of health. These population groups are categorized by geographic location, income, disability, age, education, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or race. These factors correlate with cancer mortality rates that impact specific population groups in the United States, cancer prevalence is the number of people diagnosed or living with cancer, and cancer incidence which is the number of new cancer cases in a population. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2013, there were an estimated 1,660,290 new cases of cancer and 580,350 of the new cases resulted in mortality. Individuals who have limited access to healthcare, health illiterate, and poverty stricken are more likely to develop cancer. This means a person’s socioeconomic status can determine the likelihood of their probability of developing cancer
The police records crime reported by the public in 43 police force areas and provides these data to the Home Office and for their Basic Command Units. These data provide a wealth of statistical information on recorded crime rates and possibly identify long-term trends in recorded crime rates. Due to such data collecting process, how crime being reported by the victims or witnesses and recorded by the police may affect the accuracy of such official statistics. Thus, however, the main drawbacks of this kind of statistics are excluding crimes that are not discovered, reported or recorded. Firstly, some criminal activities are not witnessed or discovered then not recorded officially by the police. According to Croall (1998), a crime being counted officially should be perceived and recognised by a member of the public, a victim or law enforcement officers. For example, white –collar crimes such as fraud or misuse of expense accounts may not be discovered easily. Therefore, crimes that are not be seen may be uncounted in the official crime
Some risk factors cannot be changed such as age, race, and gender. A person 's risk increases as they get older. Approximately 1 out of 8 women are at risk of developing breast cancer are younger than 55. Approximately 2 out of 3 women are at risk of developing breast cancer who are older than 55 (American Cancer Society, 2014). To decrease this rate, women need more timely follow ups and access to high quality treatments (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Men can develop breast cancer, but this disease is more common among women than men. (American Cancer Society, 2015).
Cancer patients often wonder if going through treatments like chemotherapy and radiation are worth the risk of the side effects, in addition to the cancerous side effects. They feel that they can’t enjoy or relax in what a short amount of time they have left because they are bedridden from the nausea and pain that treatments put them through. Patients tell their loved ones to just let them die so long as they don’t have to go through any more pain. Those who are too old, are unable to recover from the effects, or are just too far in the grips of cancer, should refuse the more harsh treatments like chemo and radiation. On the positive side, refusing treatments after a certain point can save their families from the stress and cost of hospital bills. If caught early enough, patients can opt for safer and easier routes to getting rid of cancer like surgery or by doing a stem cell transplant.
In our current state, the colonies are divided into two major opinions: to separate with England and became our own country, or to remain colonies of England. Those who advocate for the separation, referring themselves as “patriots” or “revolutionaries”, often speak about the evils of the crown and complain about the unjust restrictions and taxations while proclaiming they will build an alleged “free” land which will provide the people liberations and prosperities unseen by any other society in history! However, they often neglect to address the consequences the colonies would face if we were to separate. I could write volumes on the problems we would face as a new county, but almost all of them can be categorized into four major concerns:
Since 1979 the diagnoses of cancer have gone up nearly 20% in a generation as there is more people smoking, drinking, obesity and unfitness (theguardian website, 2011, para. 1). There has been in increase of women with the diagnosis, the diagnoses have risen up by 50% (459 per 100,00), men have risen from 20,000 to 24,000 (the guardian website, 2011, para. 2). Socioeconomic class does have an effect in some cases as cervical and lung cancers are more common in poor people while rates of breast cancer and melanoma are higher in the wealthy (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 1). Demographics could also have some effect as those of the wealthier group have more exposure to UV by traveling abroad for the holidays (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 5). In regards to smoking, deprived groups continue to smoke while the wealthier groups have quit smoking (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 7). Researchers have linked cancer to not only demographics, socioeconomic class but also race and
The risk of lung cancer among cigarette smokers increases with the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. This observation has been made repeatedly in cohort and
First of all in an investigation a set of rules or guidelines must be set and stoned when