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History of ptsd and war essay
The history of ptsd essay
The history of ptsd essay
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Highway 30, a slow, twisted piece of hand-made, two-lane miracle engineering that finessed its way through the impossible Columbia River Gorge, was being relocated. The contractors building a new four-lane freeway, Interstate 84, took advantage of a half a century of improvements in construction technology and would either drill through mountains, go around them on winding concrete trestles that clung tenaciously to the mountainside or, where a tunnel or a trestle wasn't possible, they simply removed the whole mountain. The thousands of pieces of construction machinery necessary for this job would often clog what was left of Highway 30. Hundreds of miles of the crowded two-lane, four-hundred sixty-four mile long, main east/west artery that crossed Oregon had been reduced to dusty gravel tracks. Auto air conditioning was a luxury known to few and for most the only relief from the heat was provided by rolling the car windows down. The hot …show more content…
breeze desiccated skin, parched lips and covered everything with a gritty fine white talc. When machinery blocked the roadway or a mountain was being reduced by the explosive power of TNT, progress was sometimes measured in hours per mile rather than miles per hour. I was curious about and more than a little frightened by the large white signs with red letters that shouted, BLASTING! NO RADIO TRANSMITTING ALLOWED! To myself I wondered, "Who has a radio transmitter in their car?" In my mind, I could see some nutcase from a Smilin' Jack comic strip bent on suicide, transmitting on a radio that I couldn't imagine, but could picture blowing us all to bits. For me, the journey was less of a trip and more a combination of exciting new sights, potential combat and heat exhaustion. West of the town of Umatilla we drove by a different white sign, one with letters scrawled in red by an unsteady hand, ICE COLD WATERMELON FIVE MILES AHEAD. My frugal father surprised me when he said, "Let's stop." Good plan. After hours of having been buffeted by the hot wind that blew through our 1959 Volkswagen, I was ready to stop for watermelon that I could already taste. The melon vendor had strategically parked his rusted-out old pickup at the big end of a narrow access road to a gravel parking lot used for construction machinery. He had stapled to a stick on the side of the roadway a paper sign with a big red arrow that pointed toward his rust-stained pickup truck. Crude letters painted on the side of the truck spelled out the simple business of watermelon selling in the desert, "1/4 MELON FIFTY CENTS." Uh, oh. Even I knew a quarter of a melon wasn't worth the price of two packs of Camel cigarettes or two gallons of gas. The narrow roadway made it impossible to turn around and I could see we would have to circle the truck to escape the money trap.
As we drove up to him, the melon man was holding one-quarter of a bright red watermelon in one hand and his other was extended palm-up for payment. My father's face, already red from the heat, turned a deeper shade of crimson while his mouth opened and closed in wordless rage at the flagrant price gouging. A former fourteen-year-old merchant marine cabin boy apprenticed to masters in the art of profanity, he possessed an eloquent four-letter vocabulary that, when provoked, he could wield with the precision of a surgeon's scalpel. In 1961, I'd never heard of 'Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome.' No one had. My father was only sixteen years removed from an unimaginably stressful life as a child spy who had delivered pastry to the headquarters of the German High Command in Berlin. The unsuspecting melon man was standing in the crosshairs of a verbal flamethrower that could incinerate its victim in four
languages. A nanosecond before he pulled the trigger, I saw Dad glance my way. Apparently, to avoid collateral damage, he decided to forgo the flamethrower and just cut the man down to size with his patented silent glare. When we drove past, he leaned out the window and said to the man, "You should be ashamed of yourself!" To make his point, he mashed his foot to the floor, spun the wheel and gunned the Volkswagen as well as it was possible to gun a twenty-four horsepower engine. The Volkswagen echoed his irritation when its exhaust spat out a blat, blat, blat, blat. It spun around the truck in a vortex of flying gravel and threw up a gray cloud of dust as we sped back the way we had come. Dad mumbled something unintelligible as he continued to glare at the melon man in the rearview mirror. It sounded like, "Ducking highway robbery!" Whatever that meant. We left the river and tuned southeast at Pendleton where the highway climbed snakelike over the Blue Mountains. We stopped at the top to read a marker that told about the pioneers and their ox-wagons traveling west over these mountains. Though not the highest range on the route to the Pacific, they were the most difficult to cross because they lacked a natural pass. Dead Man’s Pass over the top was appropriately named for several teamsters supposedly ambushed by Indians, but Indians could be the least of a pioneer’s problems. The pioneers didn't think about crossing after October because winter in this part of Oregon is serious business. The weather over the top after fall is still a threat to traffic on the modern Interstate. After the city of La Grande, we climbed through Ladd Canyon, the last pass before North Powder, and then magic happened. The road wound along past the impossibly tall, snowcapped Elk Horn Mountains where desert gave way to soft green meadows and tree-lined streams. Ancient locust trees that grew on both sides of the road met in the middle and created a yellow-green time tunnel into the nineteenth century. Homes and barns obviously built before the Great War had buckboard wagons and an occasional sleigh with leather seats sitting in the driveway beside a pickup truck or car. Livestock grazed peacefully in picture perfect pastures where loose hay was stacked inside circular slat fences until it looked like a giant mushroom. Speechless, I rolled the window down to get a better view while we drove along the highway that wound its way through Eden. We came to a white sign that suggested we reduce our speed to 35mph, followed by a green one that proclaimed the name and population of that piece of Heaven, our previously unnamed destination. "Haines, Population 204." Oh my God! David and Diane's kid Heaven, a place so perfect it can split the atom of family.
In The Folklore of the Freeway: Space, Culture, and Identity in Postwar Los Angeles, Eric Avila discusses the history of the construction of the freeway in Los Angeles and the effects that this transformation had on communities of color. The construction of the freeway further increased the contrast between white space and non whitespace as white people moved toward the suburbs and communities of color were displaced to the inner city metropolitan areas. Avila explains that the impact of the freeways was not only economic, but also physical. The construction entailed immense destruction and displacement among inner-city communities. Boyle Heights, for example, experienced one-tenth of its population being displaced by the freeways. What I found
After 1830, the construction of railroads and macadam turnpikes began to bring improved transportation facilities to come American communities, but the transportation revolution did not affect most rural roads until the twentieth century. Antebellum investors, public and private,...
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition, similar to an anxiety disorder, that is triggered by trauma and other extremely stressful circumstances. Throughout the book, Junger talks about PTSD in a wide range:from PTSD rates in natural disaster victims to PTSD rates in veterans. The latter is explained on a deeper perspective. While Junger gave many examples of why PTSD rates in America were so high, the most captivating was:
Throughout the book Tom Lewis goes back and forth between the good and bad that came about from building highways. While the paved roads connected our country, made travel time faster, provided recreation, and pushed the development of automobiles they also created more congestion and travel time, divided communities, and made us slaves to automobiles. The author is critical of the highways, but he does realize the great achievement it is in the building of America. Lewis said, “As much as we might dislike them, we cannot escape the fact that ...
He supports his claim by giving statistical facts of how many veterans exposed to Agent Orange during their time at war requested examinations and counseling by Veteran Affairs. Scott then states that men of all wars, not just the Vietnam War, struggled to gain support in treatment for war related injuries. He thoroughly supports Spake’s claim of psychological distress within his article by stating that when at war claims of distress were low, but once home, mental and physical anguish intensified. Scott’s purpose is to explain, inform, and describe the mental trials of Agent Orange exposed war veterans in order to make readers aware of the hardships the men faced. Scott creates an informative tone for readers of higher education and an interest in psychological disorders and war
Canada became an emerging country after the Second World War. There was a need for Canada to identify themselves as a distinct nation from Britain and the United States. The Trans Canada Highway became a visible nationalistic figure that set apart Canada from other countries. The Trans Canada Highway was a significant structure built in 1949 through 1961 that emerged as a result of a newfound unity and nationalistic view in Canada. Although there were many different political, personal and economical standpoints on the building of the highway, the finalization of the construction of the highway brought a unique unity that could be appreciated by all Canadians.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), originally associated with combat, has always been around in some shape or form but it was not until 1980 that it was named Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and became an accredited diagnosis (Rothschild). The fact is PTSD is one of many names for an old problem; that war has always had a severe psychological impact on people in immediate and lasting ways. PTSD has a history that is as long and significant as the world’s war history - thousands of years. Although, the diagnosis has not been around for that long, different names and symptoms of PTSD always have been. Some physical symptoms include increased blood pressure, excessive heart rate, rapid breathing, muscle tension, nausea, diarrhea, problems with vision, speech, walking disorders, convulsive vomiting, cardiac palpitations, twitching or spasms, weakness and severe muscular cramps. The individual may also suffer from psychological symptoms, such as violent nightmares, flashbacks, melancholy, disturbed sleep or insomnia, loss of appetite, and anxieties when certain things remind them such as the anniversary date of the event (Peterson, 2009).
War changes people. Usually when one thinks of war, blood, battle and death are the first things that come to mind, but psychological trauma is over shadowed by these popular thoughts. Though war, on the surface, is focused on such gory aspects, The Wars by Timothy Findley shows us an angle where the chaos of war significantly affects a soldier’s mind mentally. War definitively effects the life of all soldiers, so much so that they may show signs of insanity after, or even during battle. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder triggered when a victim experiences a significantly traumatic event in their life, and has difficulty returning to life as it was (“Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder”). Insanity as defined by Psychology
One of the first examples of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in “Soldiers Home” is exhibited in the main character, Harold Krebs. His life is completely changed after serving in World War I. Thus, he cannot live a normal life. To make matters worse, he decided to stay two years longer tha...
Many mass construction projects in the history of the United States have had a major impact on the economy and culture; however, not many of these have had as large as an impact as the Interstate Highway Act of 1956. The Interstate Highway Act revolutionized the way that we think about highways today. The act created an extremely easy mode of transportation for people across the country. Not only was the Interstate Highway Act extremely helpful in making rural and urban transportation for normal people, but it also helped commercial businesses in increasing sales across the country. These businesses were now able to transport their goods cheaper and faster. The Interstate Highway Act was tremendously beneficial in regards to its economic, social, and cultural significance. The legislation was significant economically in the way that it promoted business and cut travel costs, it was significant socially in the way that it allowed people to see friends and family even if they did not live close, and it was significant culturally in the way that it allowed people to move out to the country for low costs in order to live a happier life.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, also known as PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after a traumatic event (Riley). A more in depth definition of the disorder is given by Doctor’s Nancy Piotrowski and Lillian Range, “A maladaptive condition resulting from exposure to events beyond the realm of normal human experience and characterized by persistent difficulties involving emotional numbing, intense fear, helplessness, horror, re-experiencing of trauma, avoidance, and arousal.” People who suffer from this disease have been a part of or seen an upsetting event that haunts them after the event, and sometimes the rest of their lives. There are nicknames for this disorder such as “shell shock”, “combat neurosis”, and “battle fatigue” (Piotrowski and Range). “Battle fatigue” and “combat neurosis” refer to soldiers who have been overseas and seen disturbing scenes that cause them anxiety they will continue to have when they remember their time spent in war. It is common for a lot of soldiers to be diagnosed with PTSD when returning from battle. Throughout the history of wars American soldiers have been involved in, each war had a different nickname for what is now PTSD (Pitman et al. 769). At first, PTSD was recognized and diagnosed as a personality disorder until after the Vietnam Veterans brought more attention to the disorder, and in 1980 it became a recognized anxiety disorder (Piotrowski and Range). There is not one lone cause of PTSD, and symptoms can vary from hallucinations to detachment of friends and family, making a diagnosis more difficult than normal. To treat and in hopes to prevent those who have this disorder, the doctor may suggest different types of therapy and also prescribe medication to help subside the sympt...
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental condition that ails soldiers and civilians alike who have been unfortunate enough to endure terrifying life harrowing experiences. Those who experience this disorder are prone to pejorative flashbacks to the time of the incident that triggered the neurological disorder. Most soldiers are capable of withstanding the withering physiological strain of combat, however a growing portion of people exposed to the graphic belligerence of war are prone to PTSD. In the novel 1984, George Orwell writes on multiple occasions of graphic war depictions and human pain. Having served in the Spanish Civil War, Orwell was exposed to violent reactions long before PTSD was officially diagnosed or even recognized. Not only did the novel display clear symptoms of his syndrome, Orwell released the tremendous stress he experienced on a daily basis as a result of the post traumatic stress he experienced through writing his novel. 1984 was inspired purely by the need to relinquish the internal pressures Orwell had experienced earlier in life, in a society where the open display of such symptoms was a sign of cowardice and weakness in the face of battle.
“PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes.” (NIMH)
Smith, M & Segal, J 2011, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), viewed 17 August 2011 .
The Central Artery Tunnel Project, more commonly known as the Big Dig, is said to be the largest, most complex and technologically challenging highway project in American history. It is the culmination of decades of planning and forethought and is hoped to alleviate the traffic congestion that has plagued the Boston area since the invention of the automobile. The project incorporates a major underground highway system, a revolutionary cable-stayed bridge, and a series of impressive tunnel crossings, each a considerable feat on their own, all constructed in the midst of a bustling city.