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Case study of hodgkins lymphoma
Case study of hodgkins lymphoma
Case study of hodgkins lymphoma
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Oncology Here I Come! At the age of 13, years old hearing big words like “Hodgkin Lymphoma”, It was confusing because I did know what it meant. Seeing my mom cry haunted me and then I knew it was something bad and serious. With a confused face I listened to the doctors who told me it was a type of cancer within the lymph nodes. I sat and thought” wow”. My grandma and grandpa have cancer, so is this a contagious disease that gets passed on through a hug and a kiss on the cheek? Four years ago I had to accept I was a child with cancer. Having cancer at a young age while still in school is difficult. Having cancer was a big challenge in my life that I had to face because I could either die or was going to get through the challenge. So, the end of my 7th grade year, I knew that I wanted to be an oncologist. Being in remission I have learned a great deal about oncology, knowing how to accept aspects of the disease and how to face challenges. With all the help, love, and support of my family, and also having the doctors and nurses there with me, basically holding my hand through Disney World was my dream trip, who wouldn’t want that as a dream trip. Going to Disney world was the most popular trip that was offered to each kids with cancer. The trip was the most amazing trip in my life. Going to Disney world was a stress relief for me, my mom, sister and brother. It was a relief because we all knew that going through those difficult days was over. What topped the trip off for me and my family was that everything was free, and I got to pick my dream car to ride around, Orlando Florida in. Going on rides with a free flash pass, staying in nickelodeon hotel for a week, to free breakfast lunch, and dinner. Waken up to gifts every morning to seeing my family smile made me cry. This family trip had brought my family closer than ever and we made lots of
The leading cause of death in America is lung cancer. Lung cancer is ranked top 10 fatal cancers in the United States. There are many types of ways to get lung cancer. There is radon gas it occurs outdoors naturally. Then there is second hand smoke that comes from other people smoking. People are even getting lung cancer from cancer causing agents, this happens from carcinogens. You can also get it from air pollution indoors and outdoors. Also there are gene-mutations that form cancer causing cells. Then there is the one everyone blamed lung cancer is smoking.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. AML is a heterogeneous disease which results from genetic alterations in normal hematopoietic stem cells. These alterations induce differentiation arrest and/or excessive proliferation of abnormal leukemic cells or blasts [1]. Recent genomic studies have identified that recurrent somatic mutations in patients with AML blocks differentiation and/or enhance self-renewal by altered transcription factors [2,3]. The genetic or the epigenetic changes acquired by AML cells disrupt the key growth regulatory pathways and changes will make the normal cells to attain certain malignant characteristics which include inappropriate proliferation in the absence of normal growth signals, indefinite self-renewal in a manner analogous to a stem cell, escape from programmed cell death, inhibition of differentiation, aberrant cell cycle checkpoint control and genomic instability [4].
What is Leukemia? Leukemia is a cancer in blood forming cells that are in early stages of development. Most of the time the white blood cells, but some types of leukemia start in other types of blood cells. Blood cells are form in bone marrow. Any of these cells can turn into a leukemia cell, once this happens the cell does not mature like it should. The cell may start to produce rapidly and the mutated cells probably won’t go through apoptosis like they should. These cells build up in the bone marrow and crowd out the healthy cells. Typically, leukemia cells get into the blood stream rather quickly. From the blood stream they can spread to places like lymph nodes, spleen, liver, central nervous system or other organs where the leukemia cells can cause those other cells to function irregularly.
“The word 'leukemia' is a very frightening word. In many instances, it's a killer and it's something that you have to deal with in a very serious and determined way if you're going to beat it” - Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Many people, including tons of children, fight leukemia every day trying to beat this vicious cancer. Without knowing how leukemia is exactly caused, it puts a damper on how to avoid it.
The emphasis on health and fitness has become paramount in our society today in an effort to prevent and combat diseases such as Cancers. Cancers are a group of over 100 diseases that affects every aspect of the human system from skin, to bones, to muscles, to blood. One of the most common blood disorders is Leukemia. As defined by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of the bone that is responsible for the production of blood cells. The term leukemia means white blood. The term leukocytes refer to white blood cells, which are body’s defense against infections and other foreign substances. When Leukemia occurs there is an uncontrolled increase in the number of white blood cells. When this occurs, these cancerous cells inhibit the production of healthy red blood cells, platelets, and mature white blood cells. Over time the cancerous cells can spread to the bloodstream and lymph nodes. They can also travel to the Central Nervous System and the rest of the body.
Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. It begins in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside the bones. Within the bone marrow is where white blood cells are created, that help fight off bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms within the body that cause infections. The disease develops to when the white blood cells are being produced out of control. The cells that are being produced do not work properly as they should, they grow faster than a normal cell would and don’t know when to stop growing. Overtime, if not treated properly, the white blood cells will over crowd blood cells, creating a serious problem such as anemia, bleeding and infection. Leukemia cells can spread to the lymph nodes and other organs in the body causing swelling and pain.
Most forms of skin cancer are found on areas of the body that experience constant exposure to sunlight. The ultraviolet rays in sunlight are one main cause of skin cancer, but artificial sources of UV rays have also been proven to be a contributing factor.
Diagnosed with lung cancer, now what!? Time to do some research. Lung cancer is the number one cause of deaths in males and females. The causes, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer have advanced recently with new technology available to scientists and the medical profession. Lung cancer develops when the cells grow abnormally and tumors form instead of healthy lung tissue. It can take place in one or both lungs, normally the cells that line the air passages. Not all tumors are cancerous, the ones that do not spread are benign tumors. The more tumors that develop in the lungs will cause the lungs to work less efficiently. The metastatic tumors spread to other parts of the body passing through the blood stream or lymphatic system.
Cancer has been seen in humans as one the most potentially fatal disease for thousands of years and only in the recent couple of hundred years have we discovered that most information necessary to bring us to today’s understanding and knowledge (Kenny 2007, Weinberg 1996) was achieved by extensive research of cells, DNA, and epidemiology studies. As we know, currently cancer is acknowledged as having over a hundred different diseases, and is known to be the result of mutations of the genes and almost similar DNA which are responsible for the amount of cell division and production (Kenny 2007). Restraint of cell growth modulators can be a direct lead and result of certain tumours being developed and subsequently allow these tumours to acquire the ability to attack and occupy the bloodstream and essentially be able to travel via the bloodstream to other parts and organs in human bodies which is known as metastasis (Loeb et Al 2003). Once this has occurred , the cancer is then categorized as malicious and becomes a dangerous and serious threat to the carrier (Weinberg 1996). In this essay I will describe and explain the process of this and how our genes mutate and lead to metastasis of cancer cells.
Almost everyone is touched by cancer in some way and the number of people living with and beyond cancer grows greater every year. Globally 14 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year and 8 million people will die from it annually. Half of all men and one-third of all women will develop cancer during their lifetime. (13) There are many treatments for cancer, mainly: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These traditional treatments have many negative side effects. Therefore, increasingly, other treatments, such as hormonal therapy and targeted therapy are being used for certain cancers. Nanotechnology is a form of targeted therapy that destroys cancer tumors with minimal damage to healthy tissues and organs. Scientists are already using nanotechnology in early detection of elimination of cancer cells before they form tumors. But the real game changer will be when nanotechnology targets cancer tumors in treatment (11,13).
Everyone has heard of cancer. You should also know that you don’t want it. Do you know why you don’t want it? Exactly, cancer is bad. Do you know about the specific types though? You might know a little about a few types, but you can learn a lot more. A common type of cancer is Leukemia. Leukemia is a cancer in the blood. You might have heard about it or you think you know all about it, but common facts aren’t all to it. Leukemia gets its name from what kind of cancer it is. It comes from Greek leukos meaning “white” and aima meaning “blood” (Medical News Today). Leukemia was first recognized in 1845 by Rudolf Virchow (Siegel & Newton, 15). By conducting an autopsy, he discovered lots of white blood cells in the blood stream.
Ostrow, N. (2011). Screening for lung cancer with chest x-ray doesn’t cut deaths, study finds. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-26/screening-for-lung-cancer-with-chest-x-rays-doesn-t-cut-deaths.html.
Cancer has become leading cause of death across world in the class of non-communicable diseases. This has led to massive research in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Diagnosis of cancer in early stages could prevent its spread to other organs of the body and possible cure of the patient. More and more different types of cancers are being identified and mostly they have to be treated differently. Cancer classification plays a very important role in cancer diagnosis. Earlier strategies used for cancer classification: morphological and clinical had some limitations. They were not able to predict cancer subtypes accurately. It has been identified that giving treatment according to the tumor type is more effective for the patients. Tumors of a particular type of cancer differ at the molecular level, i.e. the genetic level.
While chemotherapy is beneficial at curing or helping a disease such as cancer, it can has a negative effect on a person’s body too.
Going on a road trip with my family means the world to me. We drove to another state during summer vacation, and it was by far the best road trip I have ever been on. My family and I were able to go to many fun places. We ate so many exotic and delicious foods as well. Yet most importantly, I spent time with my family and their friends. It was the day when my family and I went to California for our summer vacation.