Protein Permeability Lab Report

1036 Words3 Pages
bulb-icon

Recommended: Determination of viscosity of liquid experiment

The noncovalent interactions that maintain the three-dimensional structure of proteins are weak. Considering this, they are easily disrupted. The unfolding of protein is called denaturation. [1] Denaturation happens because the bonding interactions which are responsible for the secondary structure (hydrogen bonds to amides) and tertiary structure undergo disruption. There are different types of bonding interactions between “side chains” in tertiary structure. This includes hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, disulfide bonds, and non-polar hydrophobic interactions which may be disrupted. Therefore a variety of physical and chemical agents can cause denaturation. There are several ways for a protein to be denatured. One is heat. Vibrations within …show more content…

[7] It determines the percent and type of secondary structure. In this method, left (L) and right (R) circularly polarized light is made to pass through a sample. Elliptically polarized light are then produced because of the interaction of optically active molecules with L and R circularly polarized light. Proteins are optically active chiral molecules. They become UV and CD-active due to the asymmetric nature of the peptide bond. When the protein backbone folds into a sheet, random coil, or helix, it is reflected in the far-UV CD spectrum of the protein. In CD spectroscopy, proteins and peptides with characteristic alpha-helical or beta-sheet structures have known profiles. Random coil also posses their own characteristic peak. When a protein undergoes unfolding, it shifts from a helical to a random-coil structure. [2] In dealing with dilute solutions, ƿ  p˳ therefore, the relative viscosity becomes t/ t˳. The specific viscosity of dilute solutions (ŋsp) is (t/ t˳)-1. However, reduced viscosity which is the specific viscosity divided by the concentration of the solution is usually the one sought after. It is used for the assessment of the effect of unfolding and reduction of disulfide bonds on the tertiary structure of the protein. [2] The equation is as …show more content…

The flow time (t) is equal to kŋƿ, where k is the viscometer constant, ŋ is the viscosity, and ƿ is the density of the solution. Through experiment, the determination of viscosity can be done by measuring the flow time in a viscometer. It should be taken in consideration that changes in viscosity are always relative to that of the native protein and that of the solvent matrix or blank. The ratio of the viscosity (ŋ) of the sample to the viscosity of the blank (ŋ˳) is equal to the relative viscosity (ŋ/ ŋ˳). The relative viscosity is given by the following equation with the use of the same viscometer for both solution and solvent. [2] The equation is as

Show More
Related

  • Exploring the Ways in Which Organisms Use ATP

    648 Words  | 2 Pages

    The shape of the protein chains that produce the building blocks and other structures used in life is mostly determined by weak chemical bonds that are easily broken and remade. These chains can shorten, lengthen, and change shape in response to the input or withdrawal of energy. The changes in the chains alter the shape of the protein and can also alter its function or cause it to become either active or inactive. The ATP molecule can bond to one part of a... ... middle of paper ... ...

    Read More

  • Examples Of Dehumanization In The Book Night

    728 Words  | 2 Pages

    Dehumanization was a big part of these camps. The Nazis would kick innocent Jewish families and send them to concentration or death camps. The main way they dehumanized these Jewish people is when they take all their possessions. In Night they go around taking all there gold and silver, make them leave their small bags of clothing on the train, and finally give them crappy clothing. All this reduces their emotions; they go from owing all these possessions to not having a cent to their name. If I was in that situation I would just be in shock with such a huge change in such a short amount of time. The next way they dehumanized the Jewish people were they stopped using names and gave them all numbers. For example in Night Eliezer’s number was A-7713. Not only were all their possessions taken, but also their names. Your name can be something that separates you from another person. Now they are being kept by their number, almost as if that’s all they are, a number. If I was in their place I would question my importance, why am I here, am I just a number waiting to be replaced? The third way they were dehumanized was that on their “death march” they were forced to run nonstop all day with no food or water. If you stopped or slowed down, you were killed with no regards for your life. The prisoners were treated like cattle. They were being yelled at to run, run faster and such. They were not treated as equal humans. If the officers were tired, they got replaced. Dehumanization affected all the victims of the Holocaust in some sort of way from them losing all their possessions, their name, or being treated unfairly/ like animals.

    Read More

  • Dehumanization In Night Essay

    705 Words  | 2 Pages

    When the author of Night, Elie Wiesel, arrives at Auschwitz, the Jewish people around him, the Germans, and himself have yet to lose their humanity. Throughout the holocaust, which is an infamous genocide that imprisoned many Jewish people at concentration camps, it is clear that the horrors that took place here have internally affected all who were involved by slowly dehumanizing them. To be dehumanized means to lose the qualities of a human, and that is exactly what happened to both the Germans and the Jewish prisoners. Wiesel has lived on from this atrocious event to establish the dehumanization of all those involved through his use of animal imagery in his memoir Night to advance the theme that violence dehumanizes both the perpetrator

    Read More

  • The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Respiration in Yeast

    1871 Words  | 4 Pages

    This happens when the temperature is too high; the process is called “denaturing”. When an enzyme reaches a certain temperature, it will have so much energy that it is de-shaped; it is “denatured”. This diagram shows how a denatured enzyme will not work: [IMAGE] The enzymes will hardly work at very low temperatures (they wont be

    Read More

  • Essay On Effect Of Temperature On Catalase

    729 Words  | 2 Pages

    Additionally, the most important part of an enzyme is called the active site, this is where molecules bind to the enzyme when the reactions are taking place. Enzymes are very specific and if the shape changes of the active site, this stops the enzyme from functioning. When the temperature is increased significantly it will cause a permanent change to the shape of the active site and the enzymes will stop working, they will become denatured. The bonds which are holding the structure are called intermolecular bonds (e.g hydrogen) are broken easily by heat. Thus when the enzyme is heated, these bonds are broken, the active site specificity is no more, and therefore it becomes denatured and is no longer a functioning catalyst (“Introduction to Enzymes.”).

    Read More

  • Night Dehumanization Essay

    612 Words  | 2 Pages

    Imagine if you were an object. That you were an item that could be possessed and you had absolutely no say in what happen to you. People could use you and throw you out whenever it was convenient for them to do so. Elie Wiesel is someone that can describe to you first hand exactly what this feels like. He is a survivor of one of the darkest times in human history, the Holocaust. He made the decision to turn the pain and suffering he endured into something meaningful by writing the book Night. In this essay I will explain the ways dehumanization occurs throughout the novel.

    Read More

  • Cultural Appropriation Essay

    1503 Words  | 4 Pages

    Although concerns about cultural appropriating cultural objects such as bindis, war bonnets, and kimonos have been receiving more attention, the effects of cultural tourism of modern Asian subcultures has been relatively ignored. This lack of attention may be due to the assumption of modernity as Western or a lack of an object that bears significant cultural meaning to the ethnic culture as a whole. However, if the potential effects are left ignored, cultural tourism of modern Asian subcultures may perpetuate harmful constructions of race. The visual analysis of Gwen Stefani and Avril Lavinge’s cultural appropriation of Harajuku culture reveals that it not only reaffirms Asian American female submissiveness and Asian American invisibility, but it also constructs meanings of race and whiteness that excludes American cultural citizenship from Asian Americans.

    Read More

  • Racial Formation Essay

    1303 Words  | 3 Pages

    Race, as a general understanding is classifying someone based on how they look rather than who they are. It is based on a number of things but more than anything else it’s based on skin's melanin content. A “race” is a social construction which alters over the course of time due to historical and social pressures. Racial formation is defined as how race shapes and is shaped by social structure, and how racial categories are represented and given meaning in media, language and everyday life. Racial formation is something that we see changing overtime because it is rooted in our history. Racial formation also comes with other factors below it like racial projects. Racial projects seek

    Read More

  • Cellular Membranes And Cell Membranes

    1328 Words  | 3 Pages

    For example, some of the proteins contain pleckstrin homology domains that bind phosphoinositide and others contain C2 domains that bind membrane lipids in the presence of Ca2+, some proteins contain positively charged regions that bind to negatively charged phosphoglycerides and others contain covalently attached fatty acyl groups or prenyl groups that anchor them to membranes. Another example is Annexin shows Ca2+ dependent binding to the cytosolic surfaces of cell membranes. Ca2+ ions bind to the iface of each annexin and this promote protein–lipid interactions through a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic mechanisms. The same result has been shown by crystallographic studies with phosphoglyceride analogs, suggested that some of the bound Ca2+ ions may bind directly to the oxygens of phospholipid head groups. Addition to this, adjacent membrane lipids that do not bind proteins directly may modulate the protein–lipid interactions, the binding of proteins to membrane surfaces may promote further changes in the structure and function of the proteins, and groups of proteins that bind to the same membrane surface may interact with each other to produce complex membrane

    Read More

  • The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity

    602 Words  | 2 Pages

    Changes in pH lead to the breaking of the ionic bonds that hold the tertiary structure of the enzyme in place. The enzyme begins to lose. its functional shape, particularly the shape of the active site, such. that the substrate will no longer fit into it, the enzyme is said to. be denatured.

    Read More

  • Perception Essay

    1376 Words  | 3 Pages

    The way that each individual interprets, retrieves, and responds to the information in the world that surrounds you is known as perception. It is a personal way of creating opinions about others and ourselves in everyday life and being able to recognize it under various conditions. Each person’s perceptions are used as a kind of filter that every piece of information has to pass through before it determines the effect that it has or will have on the person from the stimulus. It is convincing to believe that we create multiple perceptions about different situations and objects each day. Perceptions reflect our opinions in many ways. The quality of a person’s perceptions is very important and can affect the response that is given through different situations. Perception is often deceived as reality. “Through perception, people process information inputs into responses involving feelings and action.” (Schermerhorn, et al.; p. 3). Perception can be influenced by a person’s personality, values, or experiences which, in turn, can play little role in reality. People make sense of the world that they perceive because the visual system makes practical explanations of the information that the eyes pick up.

    Read More

  • Essay On Proteins

    1463 Words  | 3 Pages

    Proteins are considered to be the most versatile macromolecules in a living system. This is because they serve crucial functions in all biological processes. Proteins are linear polymers, and they are made up of monomer units that are called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids linked together is referred to as the primary structure. A protein will spontaneously fold up into a 3D shape caused by the hydrogen bonding of amino acids near each other. This 3D structure is determined by the sequence of the amino acids. The 3D structure is referred to as the secondary structure. There is also a tertiary structure, which is formed by the long-range interactions of the amino acids. Protein function is directly dependent on this 3D structure.

    Read More

  • Cultural Homogenization Essay

    873 Words  | 2 Pages

    Parrillo’s primary argument is that cultural homogenization had begun to rise during and after the Revolutionary war when cultural differences were put aside in the fight for independence. Intermingling of ethnic groups during the war was a crucial first step in the development of true American common culture and political tradition. The following step, to building an American identity, was to leave behind the Old World political and cultural values. Once the New World was able to sever ties with the Old World, the new nation was able to develop a surge of national pride and success in areas such as art, language usage, and religious authority. The independent nation bonded and was able to shape into a unique community with some distinctively

    Read More

  • Image Intensification Essay

    1038 Words  | 3 Pages

    Image intensification is the process of converting x-ray into visible light. “Early fluoroscopic procedures produced visual images of low intensity, which required the radiologist's eyes to be dark adapted and restricted image recording. In the late 1940s, with the rapid developments in electronics and borrowing the ideas from vacuum tube technology, scientists invented the x-ray image intensifier, which considerably brightened fluoroscopic images” (Wang & Blackburn, 2000, np). We will explore the image-intensification tube, the various gain parameters associated with the tube, and the magnification mode of the image intensifier.

    Read More

  • Colorism Essay

    994 Words  | 2 Pages

    Colorism has became a huge issue in today’s society. Colorism is an issue because, it is a form of racism, it reflects back on the days of slavery, it is overall rude, and jail terms are affected.

    Read More

More about Protein Permeability Lab Report

Open Document