Competitive Strategy Competitive strategy is the approach that an organisation takes in order to gain advantage over its competitors. According to Porter, there are two major sources of competitive advantages: costs and differentiation. Cost-based competitive advantage involves reducing production costs so that an organisation can earn higher profit margin or offer products at lower price compared to competitors. Differentiation-based competitive advantage involves offering unique properties that are not offered by competitors’ products. Differentiation allows an organisation to charge a premium for their products because they offer additional benefits to buyers. Dell’s initial competitive strategy, when it was founded in 1984 by Michael Dell, was to focus mainly on differentiation. Its strategy was to sell customised personal computer systems directly to customers, which was a rapidly emerging market at that time (1). This was done by targeting second-time customers, those that already understand computers and know what they wanted. Meanwhile other companies at the time was selling “’plain brown wrapper’ computers” (2). By offering customisations, Dell gained a better understanding of customers’ needs and wants. This helped the organisation position itself differently against the more popular brands, such as Compaq and IBM. This strategy was carried out by selling via phone, fax and direct sales, instead of selling through retail stores. Not only this approach differentiated Dell from other competitors at the time, it also reduced its operating costs as it did not have to rent expensive retail space. In addition, Dell’s strategy of selling customised computers allowed it to hold only a small amount of inventory, which reduce... ... middle of paper ... ...uary 25, 2010.] http://www.casestudyinc.com/dell-india-strategy. 15. Hill, Charles W.L. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2007. 16. Brian T. Gladden. Dell.com. [Online] [Cited: February 25, 2010.] http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/bios/BrianTGladden.aspx. 17. Customer-Driven Innovation. Dell.com. [Online] [Cited: February 25, 2010.] http://content.dell.com/uk/en/corp/d/corp-comm/cto-customer-driven-innovation.aspx. 18. Rugman, Alan M. and Collinson, Simon. International Business 4th Edition. Essex : Pearson Education Limited, 2006. 19. Sodhi, Sunil Chopra and ManMohan S. Managing Risk to Avoid Supply Chain Breakdown. MITSloan Management Review. [Online] October 15, 2004. [Cited: February 25, 2010.] http://sloanreview.mit.edu/the-magazine/articles/2004/fall/46109/managing-risk-to-avoid-supplychain-breakdown/.
Griffin, R. & Pustay, M. International Business, 2003, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River. Pg. 301
Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., & Han, J. C. (2008). (CH2)Cross-Cultural Business and (CH5)International Trade,. International business: the challenges of globalization (4th ed., pp. 48, 61-62, 132, 136, 147). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
A competitive advantage exists when the firm is able to deliver the same benefits as competitors but at a lower cost (cost advantage), or deliver benefits that exceed those of competitors products (differentiation advantage). (QuickMBA, 2007) Creating this competitive advantage is produced using the organizations resources and capabilities b either a cost advantage or differentiated. Porter identified three basic strategies one of which is the cost leadership strategy. This strategy intends for the organization being the low cost producer in the industry. Such ways to lower prices include; improving process efficiency, vertical integration, and avoiding some cost for example.
Michael Dell is the founder and CEO of Dell Computers Inc. one of the largest sellers of personal computers in the world. His contribution to the computer industry is the “one-to-one relationship between the company and the customer— there are no intermediaries, no middlemen” (Krames, 2003, p.59). Not only did he relinquish the middleman, he also perfected combination of the bottoms up strategy and the just-in-time (JIT) by waiting till he received orders from the customer to build computers. In doing this, Dell increased its return on investment (ROI) while reducing its inventory overhead cost.
How and why did the personal computer industry come to have such a low profitability?
Daniels, J. D., Radebaugh, L. H., and Sullivan, D. P., (2011). International Business: Environments and Operations. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Dell corporation is a well known computer company incorporated in 1984. Dell Computer Company is the pioneer of the highly publicized business model called "Direct Model" in the personal computer industry. It had launched a method which attracted millions of customers across the world starting from personal use to small and medium size corporation use. Dell customized its computers to the individual need.
Hill, C., Wee, C. and Udayasankar, K. 2012.International Business:An Asian Perspective. 8th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
1John D. Daniels and Lee H. Radebaugh, International Business: Environment and Operations (USA: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998), 181.
Dell Inc. weakness was cell manufacturing because their assembled computers were being shipped five to six days after the order was placed. It is an inconvenience for the customers to always send their computer away to have it repaired. First, they are left without internet access. Second, the time it reaches Austin, Texas, have it repaired, and shipped back can take days. The company opportunities were the Dell U.K. that open business in 1987 and in that country it was a lot of companies selling cheap computers. Dell Inc. strides on loyalty among customers and employees, and that could only be derived from having the highest level of service and performing products. Segmentation within the company enables them to measure the efficiency of the business in terms of assets use. Dell Inc. evaluates their return on invested capital in each segment, compare it with other segments, and target what the performance of each should be.
Speaking about the business model of Dell, it has ability to remain on the higher end of the scale for a particular time period. Dell has business model, which primarily focuses on direct selling line of attack. It in a straight line supplies the PCs to the regulars. It does not believe in intermediary, retailers for the business practices. Undeniably, this gives them an edge to serve customer well. Nevertheless, it understood the importance of retailers and start offering products on the premises of retailers, such as Wal-Mart, Sam’s Club and so on. Next, Dell administration is certain of the exclusive business of PCs. As time goes on, however, observing the
Dell Inc had very effectively used the direct marketing channel for the sales of computers to the end consumer. When all the other pc makers were selling through retailers and distributors, Dell had started efficient use of the direct channels.
Historically, personal computer companies produced most of the components for a computer which they assembled into their final products and distributed to resellers. The manufacturing of these components was vertically integrated into the organisation. Dell, as a small start-up, could not build this infrastructure. Instead, they developed a model where they developed relationships with organisations that could provide these components, allowing Dell to focus on selling and delivering computers. By selling directly to customers, initially through mail orders and later by using the internet, Dell avoided reseller mark-up. Dell also enabled customers to order customised computers, which Dell then assembled after receiving the order (Magretta, 1998, p.73-74). “Customers got exactly the computer they wanted and Dell saved money making the computers only when they were ordered” (Hill & Seggewiss, 2008)....
Daniels, J. D., Radebaugh, L. H., and Sullivan, D. P., (2011). International Business: Environments and Operations. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Svensson, G., 2001. 'Globalization' of Business Activities: A 'Global Strategy' Approach, Management Decision, 39(1), pp.6-18.