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Fall of the western empires
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Decline of the Muslim Empires: Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal
Since the beginning, all empires have faced change in many ways, declining and rising in status. Many empires have collapsed, only to start again under a different name. Like all empires, the three Muslim Empires, the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals have faced this inevitable state. Although each individual empire is different, they each have similarities in their reasons for decline. Whether it is social, religious, economic, or political reasons, the empires, like many others, have fallen.
The Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman, had started in the northwestern corner of the Anatolian Peninsula. The empire expanded rapidly, only to weaken again. The first visible decline was the loss of territory at the Battle of Carlowitz in 1699. Many of their reasons of success have deteriorated over the years and actually caused the decline as well. The Ottoman's military was very strong, especially the members of the Janissaries corps. Boys were recruited from the local Christian population to serve as guards but only the best ones became Janissaries. Soon, though, the position became hereditary, so there was no longer a need to be excellent to occupy a position. Also, the training of officials declined, and the elite formed a privileged group seeking wealth and power. Although the Ottoman system was religiously tolerant, non-Muslims were forced to pay a head tax because of their exemption from military service and were divided by religious faith into a number of "nations" that had its own leader and laws.
Also, before the decline, the position of the sultan was hereditary and a son always succeeded his father. The heir to the throne gained experience by being assigned a...
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...itish control.
Although all three of the empires had reached their highest point and were considered to be three great Muslim empires, all of them had started the process of decline.
Aurangzeb's actions can illustrate some of the reasons for decline. Without religious tolerance, the empire started having a number of revolts against the imperial authority.
By forbidding customs of other religions and everything he considered evil, rebellious groups reasserted local authority, reducing the emperor's power. After causing the weakness of his empire, Delhi was reduced to ashes by the Persians. During and after his rule, everything started to fall apart. This comes to show that one lousy ruler can be the reason for decline in any empire because in order for the empire to be successful, it must have a good ruler, wealth, a strong military, and religious tolerance.
Two of the most powerful powers in the post-classical period were the Arabian and Byzantine empires. Each had different political, religious, and economic differences that defined their respective cultures, and managing to create vast empires that greatly rivaled each other.
In a period of four centuries the Han, Roman, and Gupta empires fell. First in China, then in the Mediterranean, and lastly in India. The civilizations deteriorated from foreign invasion, internal conflicts, and internal weakness that made it to where invaders could invade and cause the decline of these major civilizations.
The "Ottoman Decline" San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. 23 Mar. 2010. Web. The Web. The Web. 06 Apr. 2011.
In the course of approximately four hundred years, Western European colonists and prominent historical figures were particularly known for exploiting and devastating distant cultures and civilizations around the world. This included groups ranging from the Aboriginals and the Aztecs in the remote “New World”, to groups in East Asia such as the Chinese and the Mughals. However, historians today debate whether or not these prevailing and prospering Western European nations were as successful at influencing the cultures of nearer empires such as the Ottoman Empire. It is questionable as to whether or not the Ottoman Empire should be compared to other cultures devastated through their interactions with the West, largely due to the Ottomans’ vast success in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries and eventual internal problems. However, the Ottoman Empire’s inability to remain as successful as its adjacent Western neighbours indicates that they too, were a victim of Western dominance. As the Ottomans began its descent, much of the West continued its prevalence. Therefore, it is fair to say that the Ottoman Empire’s considerable interaction with the West led to the demise and alteration of its culture. The Western powers’ economic supremacy, exploitation of the Ottomans’ internal failures and influence on its religious state each significantly contributed.
Chambers, Richard L. "History of the Ottoman Empire - Decline and Fall." Turkey Travel Guide. The University of Chicago, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2014.
Currie, Stephen. "Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda." Terrorists and Terrorist Groups. San Diego: Lucent Books, 2002. 69-83. Print.
Driving is something people do everyday. Although many people do it well, some do not, that being said the legal age to drive should be raised to twenty one years of age. The driving age should be raised because teens at the ages of fourteen through twenty should not be behind the wheel for the simple fact that they are just too young and too inexperienced to drive, also someone of that age can get more distracted than a person who is twenty-one or older and has had some time to mature and become responsible enough to operate a motor vehicle. “In the United States, 16–19-year-olds have the highest incidence of motor vehicle deaths among licensed drivers and motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among 15–20-year-olds.” (Haggerty
My parents gave me my first car for my sixteenth birthday. I was overjoyed by this new found freedom; however, like a large portion of teenagers, I was also terrified of driving. This was mostly because I didn’t receive a lot of experience with my permit, and also because I was afraid of crashing my new car. In the years preceding my sixteenth birthday I had mourned the deaths of several teenaged friends who had died in car crashes. I ended up waiting a full year after I turned sixteen to take my driving test, because I didn’t feel comfortable driving until then, which later paid off when I passed my driving test the first time I took it. In my opinion, all teenagers should do as I did and wait to get their licenses. Though in reality, not all teenagers would agree to wait, so, I believe the legal driving age should be raised to eighteen years of age.
Most of the civilizations throughout history have been taken over or replaced by other civilizations due to disunity and chaos. Although an empire might seem prosperous, the decline and fall of empires are sometimes inevitable. Even though an empire might seem invincible, there are many factors that could lead to the sudden decline or fall of an empire. Over many centuries, historians have composed many reasons, such as weak militaries, economic burdens, dynastic successions, and external enemies, which have been known to contribute to the rise and fall of many once successful empires.
Ineffective leaders are one reason why the Roman Empire came to its demise. After the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, the Roman Empire started to decline. His son, Commodus, was next in line for the throne. Commodus managed government affairs horrendously. One major mistake he made, was to sell government offices to the highest bidder(Fsmitha). This allowed for corrupt and overall bad people to gain positions of power in the government. He also gave the guards the freedom to be abusive and torment the citizens(Fsmitha). These actions did not make him very popular with the senate or the masses. He tried to rectify this mistake by holding gory public performances to win him popularity. He also often went in the arena, to fight and club animals that were tied down(Gibbon 118). While he did win some popularity, most thought that himself fighting was demeaning of the Emperor position. Commodus was also concerned about military governors contending for his position. He was so paranoid that he had their children under his care( Fsmitha). Essentially, he had military governor’s children held hostage. This, instead of fixing his problem, led t...
Throughout history, there have been a variety of great and powerful empires. However, regardless of how powerful they were able to become, each empire had it's unfortunate downfall and ultimate ending. Perhaps two of the most powerful empires ever to exist and crumble were the Roman and Egyptian empires, both of which enjoyed long periods of wealth and success in their pasts. While the two empires operated on extremely different terms and conditions, there is undoubtedly good reason for comparison of their downfalls considering that the causes generally surrounded the fact that the empire suffered invasions. Of course, this was not the only reason in either case, but in both circumstances invasion played a significant role in the fall.
The political plus military factors of fall, it is often hard to isolate one exact element as the main reason of decline. But as the Ottoman Empire’s system was so reliant on the sultan for stimulating and guide it as well as keep it as one and since collapse was, indeed, accompanied with serious elements of corruption within the organization of the sultanate and the persons holding the sultanate office, one can suppose that this was, certainly, the key to fall. Even during the glorious days of the rule of Suleyman there was decline. Maybe it was a lot to expect that the Ottoman Empire or any empire could maintain a constant series of able sultans such as the sultans who had made the empire. Conversely, because so much reliant on the personality of the sultan, a single weak sultan was enough for opening the doors to a sequence of nonentities and incompetents. The majority members of the feudal Sipahis and the Kapikulu corps married, left the garrisons, became estate owners, artisans, or merchants, abandoned military training jointly, and kept their groups memberships just for the pri...
The main reason the driving age should be raised, it will be a decrease in car accidents for 16-18 year-olds. Driving is one of the most dangerous things people do on a day to day basis. Teenagers are at a high risk of being in an accident than an older driver. A study show of car crashes during the past two years found a high proportion of newly licensed drivers have serious accidents. Drivers 16-18 are commonly known for speeding, fatigue, alcohol and not wearing seat belts lead to car crashes. More than 5,000 U.S. teens die each year in car crashes. The rate of crashes, fatal and nonfatal, per mile driven for 16-year-old drivers is almost 10 times the rate for drivers ages 30 to 59, according to the National Highway Safety Administration.(.2...)
In some states, a program known as driver education is required. The program varying from a week or two in length to a whole year of curriculum can make a very large difference in the driving experience and knowledge of the driver. According to the national DMV website, teenagers who participated in a driver education course are fifty percent less likely to occur in an accident if they have completed a year long course of driver education. I think that a driver education course should be a requirement in schools across the nation in the student 's year when they would apply for their learner permit. By completing that course, future driver would share the same sort of education as well as having a vast knowledge of driving. By doing that, the legal driving age would not need to change as it should not need to change. I also believe that in addition to the mandatory driving hours spent with a parent, guardian, or adult, a new driver needs to spend time with a driver education certified teacher. By doing so, they will learn and maintain the proper skills needed to drive safely. Again, making that happens will only make the roads safer as driver will share the same knowledge on the road. Another stipulation that should take place before a teenager can apply for their license is drug and alcohol education and testing. Furthermore, students need to be aware of not only the dangers of drug and alcohol, but the dangers of drugs and alcohol in relation to driving. As projected, more and more higher school students are drinking under age and driving while intoxicated. In addition to that, drug use and abuse rates are going up causing more and more students to drive while under the influence of mind
Never the less these problems have arisen and present a very serious issue for not only our generation but for future generations also. Therefore, changes need to be made in Urban transport.