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Danforth’s Witch Hunt, Is it Justified?
(An Essay on the Crucible)
I write in response to your column regarding Judge Danforth’s actions during the witch trials in Salem. Surprisingly, you praised Judge Danforth for his “impartiality and tact” during this tragic set of trials. You could not be farther from the truth. Judge Danforth abused his judicial power, throughout the trials, to the fullest of his abilities. His abuses range from berating and coercing witness into saying what he wants them go, to blatantly ignoring testimony that refuted the accusers. He presides over his courtroom as if he has divine right. Judges are supposed to find truth, not invent it. When Mary Warren confessed to Danforth that she, along with the other accusers were sporting, he refused to believe her. To think. that he would obviously ignore her is just beyond my comprehension. he did this simply to save face. To listen to Mary and admit the court system had been wrong was not a choice. Because of this and many other miscalculations on Danforth’s part numerous people lost their lives.
In addition to this, Judge Danforth has chose, very biasedly, what to admit as evidence. He used that power whenever he sought fit. When Giles Corey lacks the evidence to prove that Thomas Putnam hath prompted his daughter to falsely cry witchery on George Jacobs, Danforth dismisses the claim. Why you say? The lack of tangible evidence, yet when the young harlots claimed that invisibl...
(Pg ix) Godbeer wants the reader to learn and understand that the trial involving Katherine Branch was more accurate and similar to how other witch trials were handled. The judges in this book, take into consideration evidence, and the things they can and can not prove. They also take into consideration what others have to say, but they use it very lightly because people can say whatever they want. They need clear evidence that backs up the accusation.
The Salem witch trials are a huge part of America's history regardless of whether because of it being an embarrassment or triumph. After reading the novel "The Devil in Massachusetts" by Marion L. Starkey it is evident she is trying to display this in her version of the trials. While it is true to historical documentation Starkey's version seems to be an attempt at an `easy read' for those wishing to learn about a detailed listing of events. I enjoyed the attempt at which she took to make historical facts more appealing and interesting to those who may find it dry. While the objective is supposed to be a more interesting way for those to learn about history, her vocabulary, grammar and sentence structure can often at times be confusing and cause there to be a break in the flow of the sequence of events.
“Danforth:... You will sign your name or it is no confession, Mister! His breast heaving with agonized breathing, Proctor now lays down the paper and signs his name… Proctor has just finished signing when Danforth reaches for the paper. But Proctor snatches it up...His breast heaving, his eyes staring, Proctor tears the paper and crumbles it, and he is weeping in fury, but erect.” Not once in his time from that moment in the court, or jail, or at Gallows Hill did he confess to witchcraft, despite Reverend Hale’s attempts to persuade him otherwise. Proctor stood against the court, the girls, and some of the townsfolk, and although he was in the right, and his claims were accurate,...
Starkey, Marion L. The Devil In Massachusetts: A Modern Inquiry Into The Salem Witch Trials. London: Robert Hale Limited.
Judge Danforth stated in court, “Mr. Proctor, this morning your wife send me a claim in which she states that she is pregnant now.”(TC,3.1078). Proctor says, “But if she says she is pregnant, then she must be! That woman never lie, Mr. Danforth.”(TC,3.1078). These two statements show that John’s wife has a child coming and that being an honest woman that she is she wouldn’t lie about something so important. Proctor also says, “I have three children- how may I teach them to walk like men in world, and I sold my friends.” (TC,4.1110). This statement shows that he cares about his children and his friends since he is going to be hung for the wrongdoings that have happen. Also, we pity John Proctor for the way he feels that he should fix the problem of others being blamed for witchcraft by blaming himself for it instead. John said to Judge Danforth, “Then who will judge me? God in heaven, What is up, what is up? I think it is honest, I think so: I am no saint. Let Rebecca go like a saint; for me a fraud.”(TC,4.1107-1108). This represents that he takes the blame for the others to set them free because he believes he should be punished for his wrongdoing, not the good people of the village. His wrongdoing was having an affair with Abigail which made her want him so she started the witchcraft rumors to get him back by eliminating his wife, Elizabeth
In many ways, the trials that delivered verdicts that often lead to an alleged witch’s death were often based on the word some respected member of the community or another. On close inspection, it becomes clear that most of the individuals accused and punished for practicing witchcraft led lives that were considered out of the ordinary, and were usually marginalized by society, as a result. After many innocent lives had been lost, Increase Mather, a Harvard College academic and a respected member of society, urged the Massachusetts’s legal representative to change the standards governing evidence on witchcraft to be equal to other crimes. The Massachusetts General Court later deemed the trials as being unconstitutional and unlawful since they did not adhere to the due process. Magistrates such as Samuel Sewall, who were responsible for executions in the trials, apologized publicly for their actions to undermine the people’s rights. The court also ruled on offering financial compensation to the heirs of the executed suspects in 1711. The Salem Witch Trials are now widely accepted as unjustified killings resulting from inaccurate accusations made due to mass hysteria, religious extremism and social
Firstly, throughout the play Judge Danforth acts with pride and arrogance. At the commencement of act III Judge Danforth voices his view on the ongoing phase of the witchcraft trials by stating that “Do you take it upon yourself to determine what this court shall believe and what it shall set aside?” (Miller 85). Here Danforth establishes an ultimatum to Giles Corey when he comes to defend his wife Martha Corey from the accusation of being a witch. Danforth sarcastically questions Giles Corey whether he has the authority to make any decision on the ongoing matter and thereby silences him. He makes it clear that no one else can determine what and how the court should act. In addition, the tone with which he delivers this dialogue is filled with arrogance as displayed by the movie “The crucible”. Overall, the picture profile of Judge Danforth created while saying these lines reveals his pride and haughtiness. Another instance where Judge Danforth reveals this attitude of his is when he snubs Francis Nurse for questioning his judgment and wisdom during the trials. In return Danforth replies “ And do you know that near four hundred are in jail... upon my signature”(Miller 87) and “ seventy-two condemned to hang by that signature?” (Miller 87). These lines show that Judge Danforth is proud of his actions and his power as a judg...
Judge Danforth is responsible because he is not concerned about justice, all he cares about is being correct about the witch trials. Lastly, Thomas Putnam is guilty of causing the witch trials because he was able to have people accuse other people so he could claim their land for himself. The witch trials were a senseless massacre and all because Abigail Williams, Judge Danforth, and Thomas Putnam were only concerned about themselves, not the innocent ones around them. Abigail Williams started the witch trials in Salem because she and a group of her friends wanted some attention from their town. Abigail thinks she is superior to some people, specifically Tituba, and has no problem accusing people she feels superior to.
The justice system is designed to protect the people that it serves but during the trials the accused witch had two choices, death or imprisonment.
Godbeer, Richard. The Salem Witch Hunt A Brief History with Documents. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martins 2011
Throughout The Crucible, Miller is concerned with conscience and guilt. Through the character Abigail Williams, he shows how people are willing to abandon their firmly-established values in order to conform with the majority and protect themselves. Those who refuse to part with their conscience, such as the character of John Proctor, are chastised for it. For this reason, the Salem witch trials raise a question of the administration of justice. During this time in the late 1600’s, people were peroccupied by a fear of the devil, due to their severe Puritan belief system. Nineteen innocent people are hanged on the signature of Deputy Governor Danforth, who has the authority to try, convict, and execute anyone he deems appropriate. However, we as readers sense little to no real malice in Danworth. Rather, ignorance and fear plague him. The mass
In this act there is also a striking example of what is known as the holding back of climax. The judges are in the utter belief that they are right and it is Danforth who is especially proud of his authority. “Surely you do not question my justice,” from Danforth signifies that under his rule, he has no opposition to take into consideration. He is essentially on a quest to prove that witchcraft is rife in Salem. When Parris asks Danforth to postpone the hangings that are due that day before the “sun is up,” Danforth replies that “this way unconfessed and claiming innocence, doubts are multiplied.”
Legal News and Research Services, Inc. (2000). JURIST - Legal News & Commentary. JURIST – The Salem Witchcraft Trials. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/famoustrials/salem.php
Danforth’s has too much confidence on his ability to distinguish the truth. His strong puritan beliefs blinds him from reality and considers people who goes against him as suspects. This demonstrated when he says, “But you must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between.” (94). This quotation proves that his decisions on court is mostly bias and he is against anything that violates his puritan beliefs. In addition, he also uses his authority as a Deputy Governor to maintain his reputation. He does not want to accept his mistakes and try to correct it because he does not want his reputation to be tainted. He displays this character by saying, “you misunderstand, sir; I cannot pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same crime. It is not just.” (129). Danforth is too concerned about his reputation and he is afraid to that he will lose it if he admits that he has made wrong judgements. His bias opinion on what is right plays a vital on the mass hysteria that happened in
The most pervasive effect of power is the deprivation of judgment. Judge Danforth is blinded by his power as it causes him to be unjust in the proceedings of the Salem Witch Trials. He is also blinded by his reputation and brags about his power by claiming “Seventy-two condemned to hang by my signature” (Miller 1133). Similarly, his power and influence prevent him from hearing a defense in the witch trials, even when offered a proper defense by Giles Corey, Danforth calls for Giles’ arrest for being in contempt of the court. Additionally, Judges Danforth further show his incompetence by refusing to postpone the hangings of John and Rebecca by outright denying Reverend Parris’ request. Danforth claims “Postponement now speaks a floundering on my part” this shows Danforth’s incompetence is caused by his fear of losing power and how it has subconsciously influenced his actions and rulings in the proceedings of the witch trials (1158). Correspondingly, Judge Hathrone also seems to power blind like Judge Danforth. Hathrone seems to dismiss any evidence and defense presented as being in “contempt of the court” (1138). This shows how unjust he was in his rulings by favoring one side over another. He continues to de...