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1. A Question you had about the readings
When reading chapter 11 in the text about DNA, it seemed that there was no mention of Chimera. Chimera is believed to occur when fraternal twins fuse in the womb, leaving one person with more than a set of DNA. According to Carmichael (2015) there are only about 100 documented cases, but the contention is that most people would not know if they were chimeric or not (12). It is fascinating to know that there are exceptions to DNA.
Carmichael, L. E. (2015). Forensic science: in pursuit of justice. Minneapolis, MN: Abdo Publishing, an imprint of Abdo Publishing.
2. Something you found Interesting about the readings
Chapter 11 was the fascinating. Linking insect’s natural habitats as they relate to humans or human remains was enlightening. Correlating insects and their attraction to the stages of human decomposition was particularly interesting. As the body breaks down the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi followed by a series of arthropods (Houck & Siegel, 2010). Insects influence human decomposition, and through each of the five stages of decomposition, invite different insects. Entomologist is able to
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The most interesting aspect was the Chamberlin case and the reversal of the interpretation of evidence that resulted in the release of the Lindy Chamberlain (Houck & Siegel, 2010). It begs us to consider the power of evidence and the ability of law enforcement to misinterpret the results. Not only are innocent people convicted, most importantly guilty people can go free. Just think chocolate milk could render a false positive for chocolate milk. Perhaps now DNA could decipher the difference between cattle and human samples, it is the knowledge that evidence can be swayed by a person’s opinion without serving the truth. This story heightened the relevance of specimen collection, testing, and
“DNA Testing and the Death Penalty.” ACLU: American Civil Liberties Union. 3 Oct. 2011. Web. 22 April 2014.
However, before linking any kind of unique characteristics to human DNA, Jeffreys stumbled upon one of his first findings while experimenting with the genomes of rabbits when he discovered that eukaryotic DNA contained introns. Introns are non-coding sequences found throughout DNA. While maintaining a high interest in the study of introns, “Jeffreys sought to combine his recently acquired molecular biology experience with his interests in human genetics. ‘The first question we asked was, If you can see DNA restriction fragments, can you see variation between people in those fragments?’” (Zagorski,
Saferstein, Richard (2014) Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 11th edition Pearson/Prentice Hall; Upper Saddle River,
Identical twins (monozygotic, MZ) develop from one single egg that has split into two. This makes them genetically identical. While MZ twins are genetically the same they may not have the same number of each gene which explains why one twin would be more susceptible to a disease than the other. Many MZ twins also share a placenta, however, one in three sets do not. A study done on MZ twin mice revealed that with different placentas one may be exposed to chemicals and even though the twins are genetically the same, due to the different exposure while in utero one was born with a different color fur. Perhaps one of the most interesting finding was of Jim Lewis and Jim Springer, MZ twins separated 27 days after birth who knew nothing of each other, until after 38 years of life, yet lived almost mirrored lives. This led to many more studies of identical twins separated at birth, many with similar
The diversity and the unity of life are equally meaningful and striking aspects of our Earth (Dobzhansky, 1973). Although an astounding 1.2 million species have already been identified, it is estimated that another 8.7 million are yet to be discovered and classified (Mora et al., 2011). By understanding what unifies us –our genes, our understanding of the organisms we share our planet with will continue to grow.
This same article examines the history of DNA evidence and acknowledges that when evidence was first introduced to the courts that the new type of identification was initially accepted without any challenges, however, critics quickly contended that DNA tests were problematic because of the reliability and the validity of probative value of the evidence. For example, DNA exoneration cases suggest that errors in forensic identification led to a high number of wrongful convictions and concerns that media coverage portrayals of forensic science evidence on popular television shows leads jurors to unfairly weigh DNA evidence while making their decision about the facts of a trial (Carrell, 2008). Moreover, in recent DNA exoneration cases the courts and jurors had difficulty analyzing the testimony of the experts on forensic identification evidence. According to the article, in 86 DNA exoneration cases, forensic science testing errors were the second leading cause of wrongful conviction, falling behind wrongful eyewitness misidentification (Carrell,
There are thirteen standard tandem repeats used in modern forensics, and together these sequences create a DNA profile. Except in the case of identical twins, the probability that two people have the same genetic code at all thirteen core loci is less than one in one trillion (Jones, 2004). Investigators compare these...
Forensic Science, recognized as Forensics, is the solicitation of science to law to understand evidences for crime investigation. Forensic scientists are investigators that collect evidences at the crime scene and analyse it uses technology to reveal scientific evidence in a range of fields. Physical evidence are included things that can be seen, whether with the naked eye or through the use of magnification or other analytical tools. Some of this evidence is categorized as impression evidence2.In this report I’ll determine the areas of forensic science that are relevant to particular investigation and setting out in what method the forensic science procedures I have recognized that would be useful for the particular crime scene.
Roesch, R., & Rogers, B. (2011). The cambridge handbook of forensic psychology. Canadian Psychology, 52(3), 242-242-243.
Review, PubMed PMID: 19543886. Saferstein, R. (2011). Criminalistics: An introduction to forensic science (10th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Forensic entomology is the study of insects and arthropods and their relation to a criminal investigation. Forensic entomology can determine the postmortem interval (PMI) or how long since the descendants’ death, whether the body has been moved since expiring, and what injuries may have been sustained (Ryan, 2011). When decomposition begins, insects establish a colony to lay eggs on the remains; these eggs will hatch into larvae that will eat the human organs and tissues. Forensic entomologists can determine the specific insects present in the body and estimate how long a body has been left exposed by examining the stage of development of the fly larvae; however, these findings are not always plausible. The fly larvae look and act different at each stage of development. The time required for stage development is not only affected by environmental influences such as geographical location, climate, and weather conditions, but also by type of insect. The forensic entomologist must consider these conditions when estimating the postmortem interval. Knowledge of insects, their life cycles, and their habits make entomological evidence a priceless tool for an investigation. Forensic entomology has proved its significance in a number of cases; though circumstances such as weather, temperature, and time of year clearly affect the development of insect infestation, and the expert must keep these in the forefront of his/her mind (Innes, 2000).
Forensic evidence can provide just outcomes in criminal matters. However, it is not yet an exact science as it can be flawed. It can be misrepresented through the reliability of the evidence, through nonstandard guidelines, and through public perception. Forensic science can be dangerously faulty without focus on the ‘science’ aspect. It can at times be just matching patterns based on an individual’s interpretations. This can lead to a miscarriage of justice and forever alter a person’s life due to a perceived “grey area” (Merritt C, 2010) resulting in a loss of confidence in the reliability of forensic evidence.
Approximately 7 bands appeared in the constructed gel. When comparing the products to the DNA ladder, the size was not that great (Picture 1). The phylogenetic tree that was constructed was produced successfully. It put the human DNA closest related to chimpanzee DNA and furthest related to shrimp. The organisms that fell into the out group were the shrimp and the fly (Picture 2). The reason for those two organisms being the out group is that they lack the characteristics of a mammal. When discussing the impact of DNA, mammals are the more dominant of species. The in-group shared the characteristics of mammals and vertebrates. The organism closest related to human DNA was the chimpanzee when looking at the phylogeny
Saferstein, R. (2009). Forensic science: From the crime scene to the crime lab. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall
Gaensslen, R. E., Harris, H A., & Lee, H. (2008). Introduction to Forensic Science and Criminalistics. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. .