ABSTRACT
Scaling is a part of geometric transformation. Scaling transformation is used to change the size of an object either to shrink or enlarge (Yuwaldi, 2000). Object scaling is normally used in computer graphics. For example, the user can enlarge or shrink the drawn object according to certain specifications. In the medical field, scaling techniques are used by experts during the pre-surgery process. For manual template method, the surgeon must face two different expansion image i.e scale of the X-ray and the implant (template) scale (Siti Fairuz, 2009). The surgeon takes longer time to identify the appropriate implant size due to different resolution in the patient’s X-rays (Fang et al, 2006). This research is conducted with the purpose to show techniques and algorithms that can solve the problem of scaling in the medical field that involves the use of medical images and digital implants.
Keywords: implants, resolution, pixels, scaling
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pre-surgical evaluation is important in the hip joint replacement (THR) as it determines the size and position of the optimal implant before surgery. The accuracy of the results of pre-surgery enables to improve surgical procedures, save time and reduce damage to the implant after surgery (Hendrikus et al, 2008). Manual implant templating is rather difficult to execute due to X-ray film magnification factors that is constantly changing. In the process of digital templating, the templates and images can be automatically scaled to obtain the appropriate magnification scaling factor. However, the accuracy is depending on the scaling techniques used. By creating a better scaling techniques, the pre-surgical evaluation process can be impleme...
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...tput generated from the implant scaling techniques in this research, it can be said that the technique is capable of accurate implant scaling. Implant size will shrink or enlarge according to X-ray images size. With greater emphasis on the resolution and pixel density images, this technique enables to reduce errors during implant scaling. Besides that, the use of quality X-ray images can also give a large impact on in the production of scaling techniques with high accuracy.
7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research project conducted in collaboration with Dr. Yazid Abd Kassim and Dr. Hami Abd Hamzaini Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras. HUKM orthopedic department has provided medical image data (DICOM) and the template for hip joint implants used in this research. This research is funded by grant university OUP-xxx-xxx.
I carried out this case study on Mrs. Casey (Pseudonym), any 86 year old woman who underwent an elective left total hip replacement (THR). After the OT student studied Mrs. Casey's past medical history in her medical chart, it was noted that she had previously undergone a right THR in 2011, which had been successful and free from complications. Ms. Casey had no other significant past medical history and had been an independent and active woman before the progression of her arthritis. Ms. Casey was required to have total hip replacements carried out on both hip joints as a result of severe Osteoarthritis (OA), which lead to stiffness, pain, and an eventual decrease in mobility, affecting her quality of life and involvement in meaningful occupations.
At the moment, the main objective for scientists and engineers is to develop surgery into a minimal invasive method and nanote...
Various factors have been attributed for the success of the implant and impression material and the technique is one of which is considered very crucial and important criteria in the success of fabrication and long lasting of the restoration. A dental impression is a negative imprint of an oral structure used to produce a positive replica of the structure for use as a permanent record or in the production of a dental restoration or prosthesis. Since the accuracy of the impression affects the accuracy of the definitive cast, an accurate impression is essential to fabricate prosthesis with good fit. An inaccurate impression may result in prosthesis misfit, which may lead to mechanical and/or biological complications.
Lantada, Andres Diaz, Pilar Lafont Morgado, Julio Munoz-Garcia, Juan Manuel Munoz-Guijosa, Javier Echavarri Otero, Jose Luis Munoz Sanz, and Raquel Del Valle-Fernandez. “Development of Personalized Annuloplasty Rings: Combination of CT Images and CAD-CAM Tools.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 38, 2009. 28 March 2011: 280-290.
Published literature lacks evidence regarding mortality and cause of death after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing. We present an epidemiological analysis of cause of death...
For this scope of this assignment a study in the surface modification of a titanium alloy stem, used in a hip joint implant is going to be studied. A total hip joint implant consists of an articulating bearing basically the femoral head and cup and the stem. The stem is made from titanium alloy - Ti- 6Al- 4V where titanium is alloyed with aluminium and vanadium. When titanium is alloyed with these materials excellent properties are achieved such as high strength-to-weight ratio and exceptional corrosion resistance.2 However, this alloy gives poor tribological properties and tends to seize when it is subjected to sliding motion due to its low hardness of 36HRC.3 Several surface modification techniques are done on ti...
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Osteoporosis, which means “porous bone, ” is a disease of weak and brittle bones.(nof 1) Osteoporosis makes bone mineral density loss. In a result, the possibility of fracture is increased because the bone is fragile. The size or volume of the bone is same, however, the mass of bone runs low on. This condition is the sympt...
The modern total hip replacement was invented in 1962 by Sir John Charnley. Sir Charnley was an orthopedic surgeon who worked for a small hospital in England. The total hip replacement is considered by many to be the most important operation developed in the 20th century, solely based on the fact that it helps to relieve human suffering. Total hip replacement was first performed in the United States around 1969. Since then there have been more then a hundred of thousands of replacements performed in the United States. One of the first surgeons to perform this surgery was Charles O. Bechtol. In 1969, while he was a professor at UCLA, Bechtol started a total hip replacement program. The artificial hip joint is considered a prosthesis. There are two major types of artificial hip joints, cemented prosthesis and uncemented prosthesis. The type of prosthesis that will be used on the individual patient is decided by the surgeon depending on the patient's age, lifestyle and the experience that the surgeon has with a particular one.
Dubey, R.B., et al. “The Current CAD and PACS Technologies in Medical Imaging.” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 4.8 (2009): 1439-1456. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Feb. 2011.
What is considered to be the ideal body shape in current trends is rapidly becoming more and more unattainable by the average individual. The false body shapes created by using photographic manipulation software, airbrushing, special lighting effects, surgical alte...
CTscans stands for “Computed Tomography”. It is a way of looking inside your body using a special camera. It is an advanced scanning x-ray and computer system that makes detailed pictures of horizontal cross-sections of the body, or the part of the body that is x-rayed. A CT scan is a diagnostic test that combines the use of x-ray with computer technology. A series of x-beams from many different angles are used to get these cross-sectional images of the patient’s body. In a computer, these pictures are assembled into a 3-dimentianal picture that can display organs, tissues, bones, and any such thing. It can even show ducts, blood vessels and tumors. One of the advantages of CT is that it clearly shows soft tissue structures (such as brain), as well as dense tissue structure (such as bone). The pictures of a Ctscanner are a lot more detailed than the pictures of a regular X-ray machine. It can make pictures of areas protected or surrounded by bones, which a regular X-ray machine can not. Because of this, a CT scanner is said to be 100 times as affective and clever as an ordinary X-ray, and can therefore diagnose some diseases a lot earlier and quicker. It is recent technology that has made it possible to accurately scan objects into a computer in three dimensions, even though the machines and ideas were developed in the 1970s. In the 70s doctors started to use this new type of machine that could give detailed pictures of organs that the older type of x-ray, machine could not give.
• Generating data to create dental or surgical prosthetics, tissue engineered body parts, or for surgical planning.
Images of human anatomy have been around for more than 500 years now. From the sketches created by Leonardo da Vinci, to the modern day Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, images have played a great role in medicine. Evolution in medical imaging brought together people from various disciplines such as Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, a collaboration which has further contributed to healthcare as a whole. Modern day imaging improves medical workflows by facilitating a non-invasive insight into human body, accurate and timely diagnostics, and persistence of an analysis.