Cuneiform
The earliest writing in Mesopotamia was a picture writing invented by the Sumerians who wrote on clay tablets using long reeds. The script the Sumerians invented and handed down to the Semitic peoples who conquered Mesopotamia in later centuries, is called cuneiform, which is derived from two Latin words: cuneus , which means "wedge," and forma , which means "shape." This picture language, similar to but more abstract than Egyptian hieroglyphics, eventually developed into a syllabic alphabet under the Semites (Assyrians and Babylonians) who eventually came to dominate the area.
In Sumer, the original writing was pictographic ("picture writing"); individual words were represented by crude pictorial symbols that resembled in some way the object being represented, as in the Sumerian word for king.
The first symbol pictures "gal," or "great," and the second pictures "lu," or "man." Eventually, this pictorial writing developed into a more abstract series of wedges and hooks. These wedges and hooks are the original cuneiform and represented in Sumerian entire words (this is called ideographic and the word symbols are called ideograms, which means "concept writing"); the Semites who adopted this writing, however, spoke an entirely different language, in fact, a language as different from Sumerian as English is different from Japanese. In order to adapt this foreign writing to a Semitic language, the Akkadians converted it in part to a syllabic writing system; individual signs represent entire syllables. However, in addition to syllable symbols, some cuneiform symbols are ideograms ("picture words") representing an entire word; these ideograms might also, in other contexts, be simply syllables. For instance, in Assyrian, the cuneiform for the syllable "ki" is written.
However, as an ideogram, this cuneiform also stands for the Assyrian word irsitu , or "earth." So reading cuneiform involves mastering a large syllabic alphabet as well as a large number of ideograms, many of them identical to syllable symbols. This complicated writing system dominated Mesopotamia until the century before the birth of Christ; the Persians greatly simplified cuneiform until it represented something closer to an alphabet.
Cuneiform was the first ever form of writing. The Sumerians were the main inventors of this writing. The symbol as we know them now consist of lines and wedges. One of the
Gilgamesh is introduced as knowing all things and countries including mysteries and secrets that went on a long journey and had his story engraved on stone. This gives us a little information on the writing technique in Sumeria. Sumerian art was complex. Clay was the Sumerians' most widely used material. Sumerian available because of the invention of cuneiform writing before 3000 B.C. The characters consist of wedge-like strokes, impressed on clay tablets. This system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C. in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valley, probably by the Sumerians The history of the script is strikingly like that of the Egyptian hieroglyphic. This must have been the technique that Gilgamesh uses in order to transcribe his story onto these clay tablets. It was reinforced in the story by mentioning it at the beginning and end of the Epic.
Writing is perhaps the most important building block of communication - after verbal speech, of course. Writing, like most of human civilization, has its roots in ancient Mesopotamia. The first writing systems began in a style known as cuneiform (Cuneiform, 2013). These wedge-shaped markings have their roots in Sumerian culture and were used predominantly for record keeping and accounting. At the archaeological site of Uruk in what is modern day Iraq, a great wealth of knowledge has been gained from the artifacts located there. Uruk was a ceremonial site and is home to the world’s oldest known documented written documents (Price and Feinman, 2013). The documents discovered list quantities of goods that may have been stored at Uruk, leading archaeologists to believe that writing in this part of the world was developed primarily to keep lists of transactions and stockpiled quantities of goods located at the site.
Mesopotamia’s first invention was a form of writing called cuneiform which was written on clay tablets with a sharp reed called a stylus. This permitted for recording events and writing formal laws. The Sumerians, a civilization in Mesopotamia designed the wheel which was used to help transfer heavy objects to and from places. They also began constructing daggers, spears and chariots, which has led to their successful wars. The Mesopotamians were also responsible for the first laws and the discoveries of glass, sailboats, and ziggurats. With interest high in religion and mythology, Sumerians and their successors worshiped gods and goddesses just like Egyptians, Greeks, and Aegean cultures.
.... As the feuding relationship only makes the love between Romeo and Juliet more desirable but the hate more violent. First off, Romeo attending the Capulet ball is the first part of the play where we experience hate between the two families. As Juliet and Romeo first see each other, it becomes love at first sight and eventually impacts both families both good and bad. Just as important is when Tybalt sees Romeo at the ball, which unleashes a burning hate and leads to the duel between Mercutio and Tybalt. Lastly, Capulet marrying Juliet off to Paris and moving the wedding day ahead ruins Friars plan and leads to the death of two beloved ones but creates a new kinship between the two families. At the end of the play it is clear that although it came at a deep cost to everyone, love infact played a major role in causing the hate between two families to end for good.
When discussing the topic of the development of early writing systems, one cannot do so without first thinking of the Mayans. The Mayans were the only ones to form the only writing system that was native to the Americas, and were also considered to be the masters of the art of mathematics. The Mayan writing system was often referred to as hieroglyphics, due to their resemblance to the method of Egyptian writing, although there is no relation. These symbols, called glyphs, were a combination of symbols used for the phonetic spelling of words today, and other characters. It is the only writing system of the Pre-Columbian New World that can completely represent spoken language to the same degree as the written language of the old world. Translating the Maya writings has been a long, and very tedious process. Some parts of it were first translated in the late 19th and early 20th century (mostly the parts having to do with numbers, the calendar, and astronomy), but major developments started in the 1960s and 1970s and kept coming thereafter, and now, the majority of Mayan texts can be read almost completely in their original languages. During the translation of the Ma...
82).” According to Walter Ong, the act of communication through writing heightens ones consciousness and begins to change the way in which the writer thinks. This in turn facilitates the development of increasingly sophisticated technological advancements. Early pictographs were typically monotone and very simplistic in nature. However, as the technology evolved, humankind developed multi-hued writing media that improved the visual accuracy of the images created and subsequently improved the complexity of the message delivered. Essentially more visual detail equals a more complex symbology and abstraction. Some major milestones in the evolution of communication technology include the simplification of earlier literal depictions in the late Paleolithic era, the development of the first “alphabets” as quasi-abstract symbols representing the basic sounds of spoken language. These early alphabets were extremely complex and cumbersome until the Phoenicians developed a “totally abstract and alphabetical system of twenty-two simple phonetic signs, replacing the formidable complexity of cuneiform and hieroglyphs (Higgins, 2003).” The inhabitants of Greece and Rome adopted this system of writing which was in effect by 1500 B.C. and later developed what we know as the
professor of philosophy at Marist College in New York. According to Ancient History Encyclopedia, Joshua J. Mark explained the development and history of cuneiform. He stated that cuneiform first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia in c. 3500-3000 BCE. The name “cuneiform” derived from the Latin word cuneus, which meant “wedge.” Many Mesopotamian civilizations, such as Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Elamites, Hittites, and Assyrians, utilized cuneiform until
...nt ideas were practiced. These differences in faith are shown through the music because in Play of Virtues the message is teaching about good and evil and is very god fearing. In “Sing Joyfully” the music is more about praising and being alive which reflects that period of individualism and a sense of redefining oneself and letting go of the harsh rules they used to follow. The differences in these pieces of music allow us to look back on society and see how far it has grown and changed since then. The transition from the strict and limited views of the Middle Ages to the open and thriving society during the renaissance has led to more transitions into societies that value creativity, expression, and a mixture of cultures. The influences from these previous eras and their cultural contributions helped to create the vast and amazing music we are able to have today.
“During the grim 1950’s when Britain was still recovering from post war blues - four cheeky, young lads from Liverpool, with an eye for the big time, took to busking and with a steely determination were convinced they had the talent to make records.” "The Beatles Biography." The Beatles. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. Paul McCarthy, Ringo Starr, John Lennon, George Harrison, Pete Best, and Stuart Sutcliffe, better known as The Beatles, took the world by storm after they released their released their first demo record in 1963. The progress they would make after this event would lead to an even greater event known as the British Invasion. The Beatles, along with other bands from the United Kingdom, would make great contributions to pop culture and change the world as people knew back then into the world we know today.
The Beatles are an English rock band who originated in Liverpool, England in 1960. They were a huge success locally even before they began to make records in the United Kingdom. The band was comprised of four members: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. They owe much of their early, quick success to manager Brian Epstein who molded them into a professional act, and producer George Martin who enhanced their musical potential. Early in the 1960’s, their widespread fame in the United Kingdom was first referred to as “Beatlemania”. Eventually, they acquired the nickname “the Fab Four” as Beatlemania grew rapidly in Britain. By 1964, the Fab Four made their way overseas and officially became international pop stars. The Beatles were the leading factor in the “British Invasion” of the United States pop market.
Hailed as the archaeological find of modern times they were made out of papyrus or animal skins called gevil and written right to left with no punctuation. In fact there were no spaces between words they simply ran together. Written in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek using ink made from carbon black and white pigments and using birds feathers as writing implements.
During the 1950s when the world was still recuperating from post war despondency, and Britain was in the process of reversing the negative economic impact of the Second World War, there were four men laying the foundation for what would come to be known as the Beatles. The Beatles were a rock and roll band that gained massive success in the early 1960s, which materialised as “Beatlemania”. This essay gives a brief overview of who the Beatles were, what their musical genre and influences was, and a description of their lyrical subject matter. Furthermore, this essay strives to evaluate the various reasons to the enormous success of the Beatles in terms of the social, political and cultural environment, specifically attributing their success to the economic climate of the time.
...y discardable, but has an advantage of changing font size and page brightness. With this exception, print books are going to survive. To quote British actor and writer Stephen Fry, "Kindles are no more likely to replace books than escalators are going to replace stairs“ (9). Works cited: Fry, Stephen. The Fry Chronicles: An Autobiography. New York: Overlook Press, 2012. Print. Polanka, Sue, ed. No Shelf Required 2: Use and Management of Electronic Books. Chicago: American Library Association, 2012 Pratchett, Terry and Stephen Baxter. The Long War. London: Haper Voyager, 2013. Print.
Ebooks are being constantly purchased by consumers; hardcover print books are usually pricey. However, taking notes on paper can become soiled with ink or pencil marks. Unlike ebooks, they can have a notepad built in which helps by just tapping on the keyboard. Print books is more of a hassle, considering flipping through pages and writing notes down on paper. On the other hand, using an ebook is multitasking, by reading and typing out notes it helps the user to feel as if they are using some sort of app. Ebooks keeps things organized and more oriented by reading and note taking. It does not take time in going through pages and pages in