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Women in science during the enlightenment era
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Throughout history women have been held back by society’s expectations. They have been over looked and taken for granted; as if they were inferior to men. For hundreds of years women have been expected to only bare children and take care of things in the household. Often times women were not allowed to receive an education. Despite all that there have been a few that managed to defy the odds, break expectations and have truly made a difference in the world. A true genius, Augusta Ada Byron Countess of Lovelace was one of the few, and one who changed the mathematical landscape forever. Augusta Ada Byron Countess of Lovelace better known as Ada Lovelace was born in London, England on December 10, 1815. She was born to …show more content…
Many great minds were known to be living in this area; such as the likes of men who spend their time researching botany, geology, or astronomy. While living there at only 17 Ada met one of the many great scientist of the era, Charles Babbage, who would go on to become Ada’s lifelong friend. They studied a lot together on many topics like mathematics and logic and eventually all topics. Ada married at age 19 in 1833 to William King. King eventually inherited a noble title in 1838 which made them the Earl and Countess of Lovelace. Together they had three children. Despite all this Lady Anne was still very much a part of Ada’s life as she directed the family and its fortunes with little opposition by King. It is often believed that the reason for Lady Anne’s handling of the family fortune was due to Ada’s gambling behavior. Ada was once forced to pawn the Lovelace family’s diamonds to gain the money back that was lost from her gambling. It is known that Ada once lost £3,200 betting on a losing horse at a derby. In 1834 Charles Babbage made plans for a never before heard of kind of calculating machine, an Analytical …show more content…
Although her work was recognized during her time it was in 1953 when it gained wider recognition after being published in B.V. Bowden’s book named, Faster Than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines. As computer science flourished in the 1950’s Ada began gaining fans. Ada has often times been called the first computer programmer. Ada was the first to write a machine algorithm for a computing machine which existed only on paper. This was a remarkable task because not only was she a women but she was a women in the 1840’s a time when women were extremely oppressed. Ada was a visionary she showed the understanding of numbers and realized they could be used to represent more than just quantities as put by her “might act upon other things besides number, were objects found whose mutual fundamental relations could be expressed by those of the abstract science of operations… Supposing, for instance, that the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical composition were susceptible of [mathematical] expression and adaptations, the engine might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent.”(Klein, 2015). She also realized that a machine that manipulated numbers might also be used to manipulate data represented by numbers. Not only was Ada the founder of
Mathematician Katherine Coleman Johnson was born on August 26, 1918 in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia to Joylette and Joshua Coleman. Her father was a lumberman, farmer, and handyman. He also worked at the Greenbrier Hotel. Her mother was a former teacher. Ms. Johnson’s nickname was “ the human computer “ At a very early age Ms. Johnson showed a talent for math, she was also anxious to go to school. Her interest was counting. She loved to count it did not matter what it was. She counted the steps to get to church, she counted the number and silverware she washed. Anything that can be counted she counted it. Ms. Katherine was named for the girl who loved to count. Her hobbies was reading book about math, numbers, nasa. If it had something
Female scientists such as Maria Merian and Marquise Emilie du Chatelet had an impact on western science, demonstrating how women were capable of contributing to the sciences despite society’s opinions. Merian published her book Wonderful Metamorphoses and Special Nourishment of Caterpillars during a time when women were criticized for publishing books and demonstrates how society was not able to completely repress women in science (Doc 5). Marquise Emmilie du Chatelet’s letter to the Marquis Jean Francois de Saint-Lambert also demonstrates how women refused to be repressed by society. She refuted his reproach of her translating Newton’s Principia, a translation so thorough it is still used today (Doc 11). Some men in the sciences also gained a respect for women and their contributions. Not all men at the time believed women were incapable of learning at a university level like Junker did. Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician, even went as far as to state “women of elevated mind advanced knowledge more properly than do men.” As a philosopher Leibniz likely thought beyond society’s opinions, which is why he did not conform (Doc 7). Johannes Hevelius and Gottfried Krich disregarded the notion that collaborating with women was seen as embarrassing, and both collaborated with their wives (Doc 4 and Doc
Throughout history women have been underestimated. Society as a whole is patriarchal, and even though women have mead great strides in gaining equality, there are still crimes and prejudice against women. Women are capable of great feats, if they are given a chance. Some women ignored all social standards and managed to accomplish incredible things that changed the course of history.
“I am not afraid… I was born to do this,” confidently stated the brave and courageous Joan of Arc on her feelings of leading an army into battle (Joan of Arc). From being born into an ordinary farming family in northeastern France to becoming canonized a saint, Joan lived a legacy. Her call to life a holy life from God and to lead France into many battles against England show her strong faith and trust in the Lord. The early life, uprising, downfall, and canonization of Joan of Arc are factors that summarize her extraordinary life. Her humility during the good times and her strength during bad times make Joan an admirable woman.
By the time Amalie Emmy Noether’s life ended, she had become one of the greatest mathematicians of her time. She was born on March 23rd 1882, in Erlangen, Germany and died on April 14, 1935, at the age of 53, in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. She was the oldest out of the four kids that her mother, Ida Kaufmann, had. Amalie, known as Emmy, to most everybody she knew, was the only female child out of the bunch. Her dad Max Noether was also a famous mathematician. She had an unproblematic time in her early years of school, being smarter than the majority of the kids at an adolescent age gave her an advantage. Emmy never married, even though her family significantly encouraged it.
She was a peasant girl living in medieval France born in 1412 who by the age of 13 had begun to hear voices which she believed had been sent by God to give her a mission of overwhelming importance. She was being told to save France by expelling its enemies, and to install Charles as its rightful King. Joan convinced the prince at the time to allow her to lead a French army to the besieged city of Orleans, where they achieved a momentous victory over the English. After that Joan of Arc was captured by Anglo-Burgundian forces where she was tried for witchcraft and heresy and burned at the stake at the age of nineteen.
Saint Joan of Arc was born in 1412 in Domrémy, France. She lived during the time of the memorable but violent Hundred Years’ War. As a child, she was raised up well by her parents and learned a lot about the Catholic faith and how to be a good, virtuous person. She was a very pious girl, always going to mass even she was supposed to be out in the fields to work, and very generous, especially directed towards the poor and the lowly. On occasions she would let them sleep in her bed and sacrifice by sleeping instead under the mantelpiece. Overall she was a pretty ordinary, faithful girl until one summer day in 1424, she heard a voice when she was 13 years old. She suspected it was a voice sent by God, so she decided to listen to it. The voice
Throughout history, women have been oppressed and seen as subservient to men. Gender differences denied women the right to education, among many factors that men had. Women lived their lives to be wives and mothers while men went to school, held careers, interests passions and individual lives outside of the homes women so rarely left. Mary Wollstonecraft expressed her abhorrence for this injustice in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Later in the same year of 1792, Anna Barbauld responded by attacking Wollstonecraft with her “The Rights of Woman.” Both women present a clear, though opposing argument allowing the reader further insight of the oppression plaguing women in the late eighteenth century.
One true mystery of mathematics is the small number of female mathematicians. When most people think of mathematicians, they automatically assume that they are male. This leads to the idea that boys are mathematically superior to girls, which has long been a popular belief. Recent studies, however, may prove this to be wrong. The fact is that there are numerous female mathematicians who have made very important contributions to the mathematical world throughout history. Although they may not be as famous as some other comparable male mathematicians, their work is very important simply because they did significant work in a field that has always been assumed a man’s domain for some reason or another. Despite this, they still worked on mathematics because of the importance that they place on it.
Computer engineering started about 5,000 years ago in China when they invented the abacus. The abacus is a manual calculator in which you move beads back and forth on rods to add or subtract. Other inventors of simple computers include Blaise Pascal who came up with the arithmetic machine for his father’s work. Also Charles Babbage produced the Analytical Engine, which combined math calculations from one problem and applied it to solve other complex problems. The Analytical Engine is similar to today’s computers.
Ada Byron Lovelace is one of the few women who get credit for her early work in computing. She lived during the 1800s working closely with Babbage on his Analytic Engine. When translating Babbage's lectures, Lovelace added her own extensive notes to the material (Gurer, "Pioneering Women" 175). She was able to visualize how the Engine could be programmed to complete other tasks, such as playing music, and was the "first to envision and understand the potential for a computing machine." Lovelace developed concepts in computing that are still used today, such as a method of storing sequences (subroutines) of operations or instructions and the Department of Defense has named their high-level programming language "in honor of her contributions and pioneering spirit" (Gurer, "Women" 116- 117; Gurer, "Pioneering Women" 175).
Augusta Ada King or Count of Lovelace was born with the name Augusta Ada Byron but who’s now known as Ada Lovelace was born on December 10th, during the year of 1815. She was born in London and died November 27th, in 1852. She was the daughter of a famous poet known as Lord Byron. Ada is reflected to have printed instructions for the first computer program in the mid 1800s. She was best known for being a skilled mathematician.
Ada Lovelace was the daughter of famous poet at the time, Lord George Gordon Byron, and mother Anne Isabelle Milbanke, known as “the princess of parallelograms,” a mathematician. A few weeks after Ada Lovelace was born, her parents split. Her father left England and never returned. Women received inferior education that that of a man, but Isabelle Milbanke was more than able to give her daughter a superior education where she focused more on mathematics and science (Bellis). When Ada was 17, she was introduced to Mary Somerville, a Scottish astronomer and mathematician who’s party she heard Charles Babbage’s idea of the Analytic Engine, a new calculating engine (Toole). Charles Babbage, known as the father of computer invented the different calculators. Babbage became a mentor to Ada and helped her study advance math along with Augustus de Morgan, who was a professor at the University of London (Ada Lovelace Biography Mathematician, Computer Programmer (1815–1852)). In 1842, Charles Babbage presented in a seminar in Turin, his new developments on a new engine. Menabrea, an Italian, wrote a summary article of Babbage’s developments and published the article i...
Technology continued to prosper in the computer world into the nineteenth century. A major figure during this time is Charles Babbage, designed the idea of the Difference Engine in the year 1820. It was a calculating machine designed to tabulate the results of mathematical functions (Evans, 38). Babbage, however, never completed this invention because he came up with a newer creation in which he named the Analytical Engine. This computer was expected to solve “any mathematical problem” (Triumph, 2). It relied on the punch card input. The machine was never actually finished by Babbage, and today Herman Hollerith has been credited with the fabrication of the punch card tabulating machine.
The fist computer, known as the abacus, was made of wood and parallel wires on which beads were strung. Arithmetic operations were performed when the beads were moved along the wire according to “programming” rules that had to be memorized by the user (Soma, 14). The second earliest computer, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1694, was a “digital calculating machine.” Pascal designed this first known digital computer to help his father, who was a tax collector. Pascal’s computer could only add numbers, and they had to be entered by turning dials (Soma, 32). It required a manual process like its ancestor, the abacus. Automation was introduced in the early 1800’s by a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He created an automatic calculation machine that was steam powered and stored up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Unlike its two earliest ancestors, Babbage’s invention was able to perform various operations. It relied on cards with holes punched in them, which are called “punch cards.” These cards carried out the programming and storing operations for the machine. Unluckily, Babbage’s creation flopped due to the lack of mechanical precision and the lack of demand for the product (Soma, 46). The machine could not operate efficiently because technology was t adequate to make the machine operate efficiently Computer interest dwindled for many years, and it wasn’t until the mid-1800’s that people became interested in them once again.