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Experiment on effects of copper sulphate on enzyme activity
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Copper is an important element that has a significant role the function of enzymes. Copper acts as a cofactor in many essential enzyme reactions such as those involved in metabolism. Nevertheless, copper is a redox-active transition metal and is linked to generating reactive oxygen species (ROC). Especially under anaerobic conditions when copper is in its oxidative state. So copper can be highly toxic to cells and lead to cell death even in very low concentration. Its antimicrobial properties are evident by its use by white blood cells such as phagosomes as a mechanism for killing engulfed microbes. Staphylococcus aureus contains copper related genes, such as copA, which allow it to tolerance of excess copper, are virulence mechanisms.
Serratia marcescens, a Gram-negative bacillus, was originally and solely considered a biological marker in the medicinal industry, due to its highly natural red pigment: Prodigiosin (Hejazi and Falkiner, 1997). The pigment has numerous roles within bacteria, which can be further translated into the pharmaceutical and medical domain. This bacterium naturally occurs in water, soil, on plants as well as in humans and animals (Khanafari et al, 2006), where it is deemed an opportunistic pathogen.
In World War II the soldiers used a jelly-like substance, called “red vet pet” to prevent themselves from the sun. Finally, Benjamin Green combined this substance with cocoa butter and coconut oil, which created the new line of Coppertone suntan cream. Coppertone has come a long way, to make their product better. As they changed the product, the advertisement changed over the years to appeal to the audience. Although both of these advertisements are being presented to get people to buy Coppertone, the modern day advertising is more appealing than 1944 advertisement; the modern day advertisement has a better focal point, action, general feeling and mood, selection of elements, and audience.
Copper Sun is a book about a fifteen year old girl named Amari who was stolen from her village by white slave traders, and lived a horrible life as a slave until she finally escaped.
... antibiotic resistance has quickly become an increasing concern in recent times due to the growing use of antibiotics. To combat this problem, we propose that healthy intestinal floras be maintained after antibiotic resistance using fecal bacteriotherapy, and that processes of lateral gene transfer be disrupted before antibiotic resistance through the use of copper surfaces and after antibiotic resistance through synthesized CSPs. Continuing research in these solutions as well as implementing these strategies into mainstream medicine will certainly reduce the frequency of antibiotic resistance along with incidences of serious disease outbreaks in hospitals. With a better understanding of the causes of antibiotic resistance and the role that patients and doctors play in these causes, it is time to move forward and attempt to eradicate this problem once and for all.
In 1988 Dr. Little received a patent award for an innovative dual-cell corrosion measuring device, the only published technique for quantifying the electrochemical impact of microorganisms on metal surfaces. In 1985 she was selected by the National Science Foundation as one of eight American Scientists to attend a workshop on biodeterioration in La Plata, Argentina, and to attend a similar NSF workshop in Paris, France in 1988.
Over the years humans have tried every possibility to overcome the health problems, spread of epidemics and infections, disease control and have worked towards a healthy society free of disease and health problems. They have succeeded to a great extent. The book “Good germs, bad germs” describes that though the life expectancy is now far more as it was in previous eras. Epidemic problems and infectious diseases are now getting lesser and lesser and humans are being treated successfully. The hygienic conditions have also been improved so as to ensure least growth of microbes, germs, parasites and bacteria. Antibiotics have been invented to address diseases and infections caused by bacteria and viruses. With all these substantial efforts the biologists, physicians and scientists have triggered another epidemic which is even more severe. They have killed those microbes and bacterial species which were human friendly and as a result of either their disruption or mutation, pathogenic bacteria have even become more active and resistant to treatments. This has led to increased ineffectiveness of antibiotic drugs, low immunity and various infections and inflammatory diseases. The chlorinated water for drinking and food processing along with excessive hygienic conditions indicates our fight against these bacteria and germs. Further, these antibiotics are even given to the livestock which becomes our food and as result many of their resistant germs end up in our digestive tract and other organs. Thus, the war against microbes through excessive cleanliness and use of antibiotics has resulted in antibiotic resistance among humans, which has become one of the prominent problems of medical science
Copper is a transition metal and one unique property of transition metals is to create different types colored compounds . Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate or copper sulphate, is the chemical compound with the chemical formula CuSO4. Existing as a gray white powered in anhydrous form however more commonly encountered salt in the laboratory is pentahydrate or (CuSO4·5H2O ) is bright blue in powdered form . In my experiment I used this bright blue powder by dissolving the powder in water leading to a exothermic reaction the exothermic reaction to create an aquo complex [Cu(H2O)6]2 .
Various methods such as x-ray crystallography, NMR, and site-directed mutagenesis are applied to study how AP structure contributes to its function and how cofactors and amino acid residues affect reaction mechanism. Enzymes that retain similar structure and function to E. coli AP are found in other species and organisms. For instance, the physiological functions of human AP are still not known at present, but the level of alkaline phosphatase in bloodstream can be a valuable indicator to diagnose liver and bone diseases. Also, mutation in structural gene of human AP will result in hypophosphatasia, a metabolic disease that interfere with uptake of phosphorus and calcium. Thus, understanding the functions of metal ions and reaction mechanism of E. coli AP will provide a general insight of how other enzymes work and discover future potential use of AP in different areas of research or clinical
of Copper Sulphate. To do this I plan to work out the amount of water
Effect of glucose exposure on macrophage reactive oxygen species production. Macrophages were grown in normal and high glucose for 2 days before exposure to S. aureus and levels of A) cellular ROS and B) mitochondrial ROS were measured. Each dot represents a biological replicate. Influence of hydrogen peroxide on C) cellular ROS production (N=2) and D) intracellular bacterial killing. N=4. E) Intracellular bacterial killing with superoxide dismutase (sodA) and catalase (katE) mutants of S. aureus. N=3. ****P<0.0001, ***P<0.001 and *P<0.05.
Copper has been around for a while, since the prehistoric age. It's the oldest metal used by man. It's also the first metal used by man, as well. In fact, one of the stages in human history in named after bronze, a copper alloy. Since copper is resistant to corrosion, it has been popular from the Middle ages to today. The Egyptians used copper in their hieroglyphs. The Romans got their copper from ores. Since 1447 to today, copper has been in high demand. In the 15th century, copper was used for printing plates and in 1793, pennies were made out of 100% copper.
Sewerage is the physical infrastructure, including pipes, pumps, screens, channels etc. used to convey sewage from its origin to the point of eventual treatment or disposal. Many bacteria can be found in wastewater. Relating the responsibility of bacteria on the phenomenon of biosorption and its presence on waste water, there are past studies venturing on the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and fruit parts. A study in 2013 by N.S. Al-Zoreky tested the antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica by various extracts from pomegranate fruit peels and was evaluated using both in vitro and in situ methods. According to Antimicrobial Resistance Learning Site (2013), an antimicrobial is any substance of natural, semisynthetic or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to the host. Antimicrobial destroys pathogenic microorganisms, in which one specific example is the Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and is frequently found in the nose, respiratory tract, and on the skin. Skin infections are the most common form of S. aureus infection. This can manifest in
Environmental pollution produces bacteria which results as diseases and disorders in humans, animals, agricultural plantations. The process of pollution occurs when toxins are released into the ground water from landfill sites, this pollution stays in the environment for hundreds of years, while they break dow...
Volume's Effect on a Copper Sulphate Solution We are trying to find out if the current though a copper sulphate solutions volume is increased. To find this information out I shall perform an experiment using the following equipment; · 1 power pack · 1 beaker · 2 carbon rods for anode and cathode · 1 ammeter · 1 measuring cylinder · 2 crocodile clip wirers I shall also be using 60cm3 volume of copper sulphate in my preliminary results to decide upon the concentration of copper sulphate and the voltage I shall use. The following diagrams show the step by step process in which I will do my experiment; [IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE] I will take 10 readings from 10cm3 to 100cm3. I will repeat my experiment to give my experiment a fair average. I will keep the power pack the beaker the carbon rods the crocodile clips the ammeter the concentration of copper sulphate and the measuring cylinder the same each time I do the experiment this experiment.
Oxygen (O) is one of the most important ions present in the body, making up 61% of the body’s mass. It aids in the destruction of harmful bacteria, while preserving the bacteria that is beneficial for the body. Oxygen takes on its role, and transfers the bacteria absorbed into the lungs, to the cells, allowing for cell respiration. Oxygen allows for the replacement of old cells, protection of the new ones, production of energy from the food, and decomposition of other foods (“Oxygen and Human Body,” n.d.). Oxygen is also vital to produce an activity known as metabolism, which is ‘the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is ...