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Romanticism as a reaction to enlightenment
Romanticism as a reaction to enlightenment
Romanticism during the enlightenment period
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Imagine waking up with no coffee, no bathroom with a shower and toilet, no gas powered light to turn on in your home, and no electronics to kill some time. This is how the Romantic and Enlightenment period lived life every day. However, one will see there is a vast difference between the two periods. In the play Phaedra by Jean Racine, we see a glimpse of the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment period is mostly known as the “Age of reason.” Inevitably Phaedra is seen as the desperate tragic hero who is the cause for everyone’s misery. Tintern Abbey is written by poet William Wordsworth. One will see a more imaginative, natural beautiful side of the Romantic period, which is filled with emotion. After reading the two periods and contrasting them, one will see the characteristics and qualities of the Enlightenment period appeals more to society and helps shape each individual. As seen in the Romantic period an individual’s escape to nature for the closer well-being of Christ.
The Enlightenment period is based on general belief’s that human reason should serve as a guide for religious, philosophical, and scientific reasoning. As seen in Phaedra, Phaedra lacks moral responsibility, truth, and reasoning. . Phaedra is seen as the tragic hero. Tragic Heroes are common for plays and stories during the Enlightenment period. During the play Phaedra does anything she can to achieve her state of happiness; until it turns everyone’s life to misery. All of humanity is guilty of the lack of reasoning and the absence of moral responsibility at any given time. In the play Phaedra moral responsibility is diminished for her actions toward Hippolytus. Phaedra knew it was wrong to lust for Hippolytus, and then she would lie about it ...
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...dsworth is describing nature. The imagination is a way to help recreate certain moments, and it is a way to reevaluate things that have passed to learn and perceive the world. Indeed the Romantic period learned about and looked at life in a beautiful and priceless way.
Therefore the Enlightenment period and the Romantic period are diverse but appealing in their own ways. The Enlightenment period is more realistic and to the point while the Romantic period is more imaginative and based off one’s own beliefs. Both of the time periods make sense but only the Enlightenment period stands firm and appears to be logical. Regardless of the Enlightenment period or Romantic period it is certain that God plays a huge role in help making who we are and the society we live in. Without the blessing of God’s glory we human beings would not be able to experience life on earth.
“I have revealed enough. Spare me the rest. / I die, and my grim secret dies with me.” (Racine 193) Phaedra has a huge secret: she is in love with her stepson, Hippolytus. She has reoccurring thoughts of suicide, and a desire for this burden to be lifted. Her forbidden passion has a gigantic affect on her mental capability and her ability to be independent. She does not want anyone to know about her repugnant desires for Hippolytus and her mental health slowly begins to weaken as she maintains this information to herself. As we look closer into the life of Phaedra, we find she exhibits a lustful, weak-minded, guilty, gullible, and reliant personality.
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason) is described by scholars a method of thinking and knowing (“epistemology”) based off of the ideas that the natural world is in fact better understood through close observation, as well as dependence on reason. An important note to point out is that the Enlightenment added a more secular environment to colonial life, which had always been based on religion. The ideas of the Enlightenment actually originated in eighteenth century Europe, allowing for the birth of colonial “deists” who often looked for God’s plan in nature more than the Bible as they had in the past. Many of the deists began to look at science and reason to divulge God’s laws and purpose. This period of Enlightenment encouraged people to study the world around them, think for themselves instead of what others had to say, as well as ask whether the chaotic appearances of things were masking a sense of order. The...
The Enlightenment period in Europe was a shift in the way that society thought about power and liberty. The ideals of this period helped to inspire the revolutions of the 18th century. The American colonies desired liberty from foreign rule, the French wanted to increase the power of the people in their class structure, and the Haitians fought for representation for the millions of slaves on their island. While the ideas of the enlightenment were not fully employed in each of these revolutions, they brought the nations closer to a fully representative government, rather than one of absolute power.
The church’s robust grip on religious expression shattered as medieval society transitioned into a period known as the Reformation. Characterized by the rejection of common ideology, the Reformation sparked religious curiosity. Reformers such as John Calvin and Martin Luther offered interpretations of the Bible in direct opposition to the Catholic Church’s teachings, forcing Europeans to examine and formulate their own beliefs. This style of thinking was foreign to European society because up to this point in history Europeans were passive absorbers of Catholic Church ideology. Hence, it was natural that an era considered the Age of Enlightenment followed the period of rejection and questioning known as the Reformation. The Age of Enlightenment did not merely confine itself to religious expression, but spread throughout natural and social science. Thus, the Age of Enlightenment marked the beginning of academic and religious philosophy and allowed great minds to think free from restriction and condemnation of established institution. As the perception of natural
The Age of Enlightenment saw many great changes in Western Europe. It was an age of reason and philosophes. During this age, changes the likes of which had not been seen since ancient times took place. Such change affected evert pore of Western European society. Many might argue that the Enlightenment really did not bring any real change, however, there exists and overwhelming amount of facts which prove, without question, that the spirit of the Enlightenment was one of change-specifically change which went against the previous teachings of the Catholic Church. Such change is apparent in the ideas, questions, and philosophies of the time, in the study of science, and throughout the monarchial system.
The Enlightenment is a unique time in European history characterized by revolutions in science, philosophy, society, and politics. These revolutions put Europe in a transition from the medieval world-view to the modern western world. The traditional hierarchical political and social orders from the French monarchy and Catholic Church were destroyed and replaced by a political and social order from the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and equality(Bristow, 1). Many historians, such as Henry Steele Commager, Peter Gay, have studied the Enlightenment over the years and created their own views and opinions.
The Age of Enlightenment opened the doors to independent thinking and development in areas such as math, astronomy, politics, philosophy and many more. Toward the end of the Age of Enlightenment, the Romantic Era was born and it seemed to be in protest to the ideas that the Enlightenment had brought to society. Although both time periods were established around more independent thinking and growth, The Enlightenment and the Romantic Era contrast significantly. These two periods differed in almost every aspect, including (but not limited to): their beliefs, reasons for coming into being, and the impacts that they have had on society.
The preceding Enlightenment period had depended upon reason, logic and science to give us knowledge, success, and a better society. The Romantics contested that idea and changed the formula...
In Racine's Phaedra, the characters face problems that are caused by their passions, in a society based on reason and the roles they play in it. Phaedra finds that she loves Hippolytus, who is her stepson, and she feels guilty about it, because it goes against the grain of society. She is crazed with the passion she feels, and convinces herself, for a time, that she should die without telling anyone, so that her shame is not made worse by being known to others.
As the tale unfolds, it becomes clear that Phaedra is aware that her love for Hippolytus can never be fulfilled, and the shame that she feels from this passion is true. After confessing her love to Hippolytus in Act 2, scene 5, she curses the Gods for torturing her soul by making her love someone against her will, and she even goes as far as to ask for death. The power of shame has overcome her, and she feels that if she can not be with the man that she loves then she wishes to die by his sword as if she were a "monster". When Theseus returns home, her shame is heightened by the presence of him, and by the thought that her incestuous love will be made aware to all. However, this shame quickly turns to the offensive when she allows Oenome to plot a reverse of guilt and accuse Hippolytus of loving Phaedra. The power of shame is no more evident then at this point in the story, because Phaedra, feeling the height of shame after admitting her love to Hippolytus, must face both her husband Theseus, the man she should love, and Hippolytus, the forbidden love. Feeling confused and helpless, Phaedra allows Oenome to place the blame on Hippolytus, and this begins her change from feelings of shame to guilt.
In using evidence from the play Racine's Phaedra, clearly exhibits the stereotype woman as a destructive force in nature, known as a femme fatale. Phaedra is a good example of men toward woman in the Age of Reason and political Absoulutism, where men exhibit the logic, strength, and order while woman exhibit their weakness, emotions, and disorder. Therefore, without a doubt the fact that Phaedra tends to have an effect on everyone that is involved around with her charm.
History is the story and knowledge of the past. There are individuals that are interested by history and wish to study it by learning more. It is very informative to know what has happened in the past for self-knowledge. An individual cannot be naïve to the past including but not limited to how literature came to. One can understand literature more when they understand the time period the author wrote during and the way they wrote. There are several time periods different authors have been through with each period having specific beliefs. Romanticism is the time period that interests me the most; it was a time during the eighteenth century and focused on nature along with the individual’s expression of imagination and emotion.
The Enlightenment was a period of increased literacy and public interest in literature and arts that promoted learning through reason and logic (134). Romantic wr...
...comes an ultimate tragedy because Hippolytus rejects her love for him. Her passion becomes too monstrous turning her ill emotionally and physically. She has become a slave to her emotions. She becomes an emotional wreck seeking to take her own life. But the love that Phaedra feels for Hippolytus is too immense that her emotions pulsate through her veins like a river. For love is indeed destructive and this is what Oenone admonishes to Phaedra. There is a sense of isolation that comes with the declaration because she knows that what she is doing very atrocious. She is in a constant battle with love and sin. Phaedra vows to take this chance and in the end she committed suicide from this tragedy. Phaedra’s ultimate quest to confess her love for Hippolytus in the event, she uses strong word choice, imagery, metaphor, and symbolism to channel and convey her emotions.
The Enlightenment also known as the age of reason is the name giving to an important period of Western civilization that followed the renaissance. The Enlightenment occurred roughly from the mid-sixteenth hundreds up to the end of the seventeenth hundreds, and it was a time where the human ability to reason was glorify. The word enlightenment means a time of illumination. It was a time of an influential group of scholars, writes, artists, and scientists actively sought to use the reason over the superstition. As a result of their efforts, tremendous improvement in the understanding of mathematics and science occurred. And whole new ideas regarding basic human rights and democracy were developed. As a result of the age of Enlightenment, there were changes in European and Euro-American understandings of sovereignty, as to who should have the power and lead a society, and the relation between the leaders and their subjects.