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Drug tolerance and drug resistance
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The prediction of the drug tolerance was based on drug effect theory stated that functional tolerance is an adaptation to disruptive effects of drugs on continuing patterns of neutral activity, instead of exposure to the drug itself. The drug effect theory has used before-and-after experiments. There are two groups in the before-and-after design experiment. The first group: the subjects receive drug after they tested on criterion on each tolerance trail. The second group: the subjects receive drug before they tested on criterion to react on each tolerance trail. As the results of the before-and-after experiment according to the drug-effect theory, tolerance is significantly greater in the group that received drug-before test on each tolerance development trial than in the other group received drug-after-test. Greater tolerance was in drug before group because they repeatedly experience the effect of the drug on the performance.
The propose of this experiment is to present more support for the drug-effect theory to simplifying that the development of tolerance subjects can have an ...
Many of the problems associated with early sobriety do not stem directly from psychoactive substances. Instead they are associated with physical and psychological changes that occur after the substances have left the body. When a person regularly uses psychoactive drugs, the brain undergoes physical changes to cope with the presence of drugs in the body. When the drugs are removed from the body, the brain craves the drugs that it has become accustomed to and as the brain attempts to rebalance itself without the presence of psychoactive drugs the person often experiences feelings of confusion, pain, and discomfort. The symptoms that are experienced immediately after stopping drug use are called acute withdrawal.
The cognitive behavioral models say that incentives make way for the right conditions for the need for drug abuse. Drug use is associated with experiences such as self-exploration, religious insights, altering moods, escaping boredom or despair, enhancing creativity, performance, sensory experience or pleasure, and so on (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2012). Cognitive behaviorism has brought in appreciated data at the same time refining theories and treatments. This model stands out from other addiction models because it stands out from the expressive, organic or public causes for addiction. Because it focuses on the patient's own beliefs rather than the influence is the primary focus. The mental process of cognition is related to perception, judgment and reasoning. Cognitive behaviorism affects a person mentally as well as their physical reaction to stimuli. Example, if a person is depressed, the depression is mental but when a person cannot get out of bed, doesn’t want to eat or don’t want to partake in other activities that they usually do is the physical. The factor that can cause a person to use are become a victim to substance abuse and began drug addiction by using drugs to get away from or numb themselves from their depression.
Rationale and Variables: The Experiment that was conducted in class determined the affects of 'ecstasy' or MDMA on the participants' memory. In addition to testing for their ability to recall information it also looked at the number of false memory that were related to the actual word "slow" in the class study. In the experiment Dr. Earleywine used a list of words that were to be memorized, and recall in a given time. This study is related to another experiment conducted by A.C Parrott and J. Lasky. In their study they looked at the effects of "ecstasy" or MDMA on mood and cognition. They tested three groups: non- MDMA, novice-MDMA users, and regular MDMA users. They used different methods to test the three groups, included in the methods was word recall, which was also used in the class study by Dr. Earleywine. The result from that experiment showed that "ecstasy" or MDMA users did have memory problems. Another study was also conducted by A.C. Parrott, A. Leess, N.J Garnham M. Jones, and K. Wesnes, which was relate also to the other experiments. This experiment was conducted using three groups: non-MDMA, novice-MDMA and regular MDMA users. They used series of methods to conduct their study, and found their results similar to the earlier study. Analyzing the finding of the two studies, Dr. Earleywine decided to do a study with the mind set of making a connection between the rates of intrusions that participants who have used MDMA, compared with the rate of intrusions with participants, who did not use MDMA. The independent variables were the two groups MDMA users and non-MDMA users, and the dependent variables are the intrusions, and words recalled.
Because of this extreme depression the user is almost forced to use again to alleviate depression. The tolerance level of the user thus increases. Tolerance refers to the fact that through continued use of a drug, users often feel the need to increase the "dose"...
Psychiatric reactions. Should behavioural effects be experiences, patient should stop taking the drug and see a doctor.
Substance abuse remains a prominent issue affecting men, women and adolescences young as “age 11.” (William 2014) Substance abuse is an “excessive use of a potentially addictive substance, especially one that may modify body functions, such as alcohol and drugs. Also called chemical abuse.” (Houghton 2011) In the case of 17- year old Mr. Favel, he models the behavioral theory, which is based through conditioning with the interaction in the environment. Based on the environmental stimuli will shape our behaviors to certain situations.
Drug addiction is often characterized as being a complex brain disease that causes compulsive, uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking and use without any regards to the consequences they may bring upon themselves, or society. As long as the brain is exposed to these large amounts of dopamine on the reward system, it will inevitably develop a tolerance to the current dopamine levels, which it is receiving, lessening the pleasure the user will experience. In order to satisfy the brains “reward...
Drugs seem to cause surges in dopamine neurotransmitters and other pleasure brain messengers. However, the brain quickly adapts and these circuits desensitize, which allows for withdrawal symptoms to occur (3). Drug addiction works on some of the same neurobiological mechanisms that aid in learning and memories (3). "This new view of dopamine as an aid to learning rather than a pleasure mediator may help explain why many addictive drugs, which unleash massive surges of the neurotransmitter in the brain, can drive continued use without producing pleasure-as when cocaine addicts continue to take hits long after the euphoric effects of the drug have worn off or when smokers smoke after cigarettes become distasteful." (4)
Substance abuse rises whenever public attitude is more tolerant toward drugs, i.e., they are safe and har...
...drugs (Degracia, 1993). One would think that the side-effects, such as dehydration and extreme panic, would entice people to find alternative activities, but it seems that the effects, like enhanced sensations and sensory mixing, outweigh the side-effects. If this is true, one must wonder what the how the atmosphere of the will change in World in a few years, and how much of an influence will drugs have several decades from now.
The phenomena of drug addiction is a very common problem around the world. Its destruction reveals itself not only as a disturbing source of the psychic development, but also as the great difficulty that it presents for a psychotherapeutic approach, since drug addicts may change their attitude toward the world and people around them, which is one of the outcomes caused by the drugs. In addition, drugs users normally fail to admit that they have a problem and need help. It is usually a long time until they admit it. In the first paragraph, I talk about Personality, explaining how the person personality can lead the person or not to start using drugs. In the second one, I talk about Conformity, explaining how young people do things that are
Withdrawal and tolerance are two different but very important factors of substance abuse. Some symptoms of tolerance may include an individual requiring an increased amount of the substance in order for it to have the same desired effect on them, or when an individual feels that using the same amount of the substance no longer has the same effect on them as it once did (Whitbourne, 2017). Signs of tolerance may include taking the substance in a higher dosage or more frequently than before, or mixing/taking stronger substances in order to have a stronger effect (Crane, 2017).
...er says, that “eventually, the drugs decrease the person’s ability to experience pleasure without a drug” (Torr 13).
This research has opened doors for us to advance development for new medicine. Scientists can now minimalize the use of Guinea pig in drug tests because the computer stimulation can determine how drugs interact with the protein in the human body. Then the scientists can predict more precisely if the drug is
Addiction and abuse of drugs have remained an unexplainable circumstance, even till today. A mistaken assumption is that drug abusers lack moral principles, and if given a chance or in the presence of will power, their selections could be altered. In reality, drug addiction is known as a complex disease and requires more than will power or mere good intentions to change. Due to the fact that drug addiction could change the way the brain works, with time, the brain promotes compulsive drug abuse. It is difficult to relent even if one is ready to do so. Drug abuse has negative influences not only in the lives of mortals, but also in the society.