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Marx vs tocqueville views
Theories of Karl Marx
Individualism and its effect on society
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Comparing Alexis Tocqueville and Karl Marx
Writing in the 1830s Tocqueville saw democracy as the way of the future, and envisioned a world where revolutions would be rare. Yet writing not long after that, with a thorough knowledge of Tocqueville, Marx predicted a season of revolutions. The difference between these two views comes from a different take on the effect that the economy has on people. Both men saw the economy as producing an almost economically equal majority. For Tocqueville this majority was fairly well-off and had the ability to seek individual happiness through material wellbeing, without concern to control the government. This pursuit of individualism would keep the people quiet and peaceful. For Marx this majority was poor and had nothing to lose by revolting. Poverty would unify the people beyond borders and they would work for change. Marx acknowledged the growing individualism that Tocqueville had identified, but underestimated it and he ignored the possibility by which through democracy the wealthy could be isolated and ignored peaceably.
According to Marx, "The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself. But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield these weapons ? the modern working class ? the proletarians." The proletariat is the group described in the Communist Manifesto as the 9/10th of the population which does not own "private property". The private property he is referring to are not items of individual consumption, like toothbrushes or clothing, but the means of production. The proletariat does not own the means of production but m...
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...as to whether they will be able to survive the growth of major chains like Wal-Mart. With the fall of small businesses, more and more people will be forced to sell their labour-power to the large ones, and perhaps Marx was just a little before his time.
Works Cited
Marx, Karl. "Civil War in France." In Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Ed. Lawrence H. Simon. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 1994. 301 - 314.
"Communist Manifesto." In Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Ed. Lawrence H. Simon. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 1994. 157 ? 186.
"Marginal Notes on Baukunin?s Statism and Anarchy". In Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Ed. Lawrence H. Simon. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 1994. 333 ? 338.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Abridged by Sanford Kessler. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 2000.
Democracy in America has been a guiding principle since the foundation of the country. Many over the years have commented on the structure and formation of democracy but more importantly the implementation and daily function within the democratic parameters that have been set. Alexis de Tocqueville was a French political thinker and historian born July 29, 1805. He is most famously known for his work Democracy in America. Democracy in America has been an evolving social and economic reform, and has continually changed since it’s founding.
In Marx’s opinion, the cause of poverty has always been due to the struggle between social classes, with one class keeping its power by suppressing the other classes. He claims the opposing forces of the Industrial Age are the bourgeois and the proletarians. Marx describes the bourgeois as a middle class drunk on power. The bourgeois are the controllers of industrialization, the owners of the factories that abuse their workers and strip all human dignity away from them for pennies. Industry, Marx says, has made the proletariat working class only a tool for increasing the wealth of the bourgeoisie. Because the aim of the bourgeoisie is to increase their trade and wealth, it is necessary to exploit the worker to maximize profit. This, according to Marx, is why the labor of the proletariat continued to steadily increase while the wages of the proletariat continued to steadily decrease.
The political philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx examined the role that the state played and its relationship to its citizen’s participation and access to the political economy during different struggles and tumultuous times. Rousseau was a believer of the concept of social contract with limits established by the good will and community participation of citizens while government receives its powers given to it. Karl Marx believed that power was to be taken by the people through the elimination of the upper class bourgeois’ personal property and capital. While both philosophers created a different approach to establishing the governing principles of their beliefs they do share a similar concept of eliminating ownership of capital and distributions from the government. Studying the different approaches will let us show the similarities of principles that eliminate abuse of power and concentration of wealth by few, and allow access for all. To further evaluate these similarities, we must first understand the primary principles of each of the philosophers’ concepts.
Rasch, B., Buchel, C., Gais, S., & Born, J. (2007). Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation. Science, 315, 1426–1429.
Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx are two different philosophers that undeniably had different opinions on countless themes. They both had strong opinions and delve into the topics of community, individualism and inequality. One would say that they differ in countless ways about democracy and inequality, however when dealing with individualism they seem to agree on how the society should come together. The perspective Marx and De Tocqueville take on each of these subjects is different but their overall message seems to give away the same sort of thought. When looking back on these ancient sociologists how does one know which of them were right and which to believe. When looking at community, individualism and inequality we examine the works
Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, and Robert C. Tucker. The Marx-Engels reader. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1978. Print.
Karl Marx noted that society was highly stratified in that most of the individuals in society, those who worked the hardest, were also the ones who received the least from the benefits of their labor. In reaction to this observation, Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto where he described a new society, a more perfect society, a communist society. Marx envisioned a society, in which all property is held in common, that is a society in which one individual did not receive more than another, but in which all individuals shared in the benefits of collective labor (Marx #11, p. 262). In order to accomplish such a task Marx needed to find a relationship between the individual and society that accounted for social change. For Marx such relationship was from the historical mode of production, through the exploits of wage labor, and thus the individual’s relationship to the mode of production (Marx #11, p. 256).
Bjerke, Juel M. "Week 2 Lecture Notes - Achieving Business Process Excellence and Process Re-engineering." MFGO 601 - The Globally Integrated Manufacturing Company. 2 Nov. 2011.
Creating a Culture of Safety. A culture of safety includes psychological safety, active leadership, transparency, and fairness. As a health care professional, I can create a culture of safety by having a positive attitude and creating an environment within the team that feeds off that optimistic and encouraging behavior. In addition, I can contribute to a culture of safety by using effective communication, the “Fairness Algorithm” to differentiate between system error and unsafe behaviors, and by being respectful and approachable to all my fellow coworkers and patients.
This article is from The Journal of Experimental Psychology, and was written on an experiment performed by psychologist Bruce R. Ekstrand, from the University of Colorado. He experimented on the effects that sleep has on one's memory, after learning a particular bit of knowledge, in this case a certain list of twelve three-letter words.
Sleep deprivation and false memory can have its mixed relationship. Participants in an experiment studied DRM list before they slept or were sleep deprived. After taking the test, one study showed higher rates of false memory in sleep deprivation compared to those who slept. But this study was not strong enough to support the claim between sleep deprivation and false memories. The same study was preformed but instead, the DRM list was presented the same night. But in the result came there was no differences. After reviewing both studies, it was noted that “sleep deprivation contributes to the formation of false memories is sparse and inconsistent” (Frenda, Patihis and
In this test, twenty-four volunteers were asked to memorize fifteen pairs of cards, during the memorization process they were also exposed to a slightly unpleasant odor, which was intended to act as an associational cue (Kelmm). After the first session, half of the group was told to stay awake while the other half were allowed to nap. The awake group were exposed to the odor cue for twenty minutes before starting the second session, while the sleep group got the odor during the last twenty minutes of the nap (Kelmm). Forty minutes later, the same volunteers were asked to learn a different set of cards, this was to act as an interfering disruptor. When asked to recall the first set of cards, the sleep group got 85% correct versus the awake group who only got 60% correct (Kelmm). The researchers found that the brain was able to process the information and store it correctly while a person was
olfactory stimulus because odors are highly capable of inducing odor-associated memories. However, it has been discovered that this stimulus type have small effects on the sleep process
Effective healthcare organizations often look at safety culture in areas of systems, environments, knowledge, workflow, tools and other stressors affecting behaviors (Carroll, 2009). Incorporating and utilizing benchmarks (or measurements) are proactive tools to institute proactively to forecast and develop solutions for potential situations and circumstances. The Measuring Safety Culture in Healthcare: A case for Accurate Diagnosis by Flin is a resource that stood out to me as well. The Measuring Safety Culture in Healthcare article addressed concerns regarding safety of patients in the U.S. healthcare systems. The article was written to bring forth concerns in safety management techniques that are adopted in the health care industries. The article stated how the use of safety climate questionnaires surveying workforce perceptions and attitudes towards worker and patient safety in healthcare organizations were important. The article found that many psychometric standards were not in place to address healthcare safety climate measures prior to this
...emories and chooses what to retain and to not. Some memories are also made stronger, it was shown that certain memories, like playing a tune on a musical instrument can improve while sleeping. Memories are more stable during deep sleep stages. After that, during REM sleep, the brain links related memories together.