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Effects of colonization for indigenous people
Effects of colonization for indigenous people
Effects of colonization for indigenous people
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The age of exploration, discovery and expansion between 1500th thru 1600th had people eager to traverse the world and find new adventures. The Spanish and British motivation for exploration into the New World were similar; both were seeking wealth, wanted to discover new trade routes, and identify locations for settlement (Troolin). Although, both countries had similar motives each had specific agendas that would later influence North, South and Central Americas future.
The Spaniards had a head start in exploration the New World. Soon after Christopher Columbus discovery of the Bahamas in 1492 The Spaniards focused their efforts on New World colonization. (Berkin, 25) According to Roman Catholics, the Treaty of Tordesillas granted Spain exclusive exploration to the Western Hemisphere, which included North, South and Central America. (Berkin, 25) The Spaniards quickly claimed regions, located precious metals such as gold & silver, and Christianized local natives. (Berkib, 27) Soon the Spaniards began minting silver coins that
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would flow throughout the world making Spain remarkably powerful and wealthy. Since King Henry VIII of England divorced Catherine of Aragon, the youngest surviving child of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain tensions ran high between the two countries. (Berkin, 27) King Henry VIII denounced the Catholic Church and sanctioned Protestant reform in England. (Berkin, 27) The British showed little interest in exploration until King Henry VIII daughter Queen Elizabeth took control over England.
Elizabeth became the successor to England while it was in the middle of religious and political turmoil. (Berkin, 28) Philip II of Spain was Elizabeths most hostile adversary, and she saw the "... the massive flow of wealth made Spanish power a growing threat." (Berkin, 17)
Secretly Queen Elizabeth authorized Francis Drake to attack the ships of her brother-in-law Philip II (Berkin, 17) and began to amass wealth for the British crown. In 1578, Elizabeth granted permissions to Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh to colonize America (History). The Spaniards could have easily controlled the entire world. However, they overextended themselves. Claims to large amounts of lands were insignificant unless they could establish a sizeable permanent establishment that could defend the land they had
claimed. Soon, the exploration and discovery progress of both Spain and Britan would start to influence settlement in The North, Central, and South America. Several countries rushed to claim land in the New World. Land with sizeable stable communities often protected and guarded the land they claimed. (history) Spain, France, England and other European nations fought for control of the Americas in the seventeenth and eighteenth century (Berkin, 30). Spain focused their presence in Cuba, Mexico and other Central and South American countries because of the massive amounts of gold and silver they were able to locate within these countries. Spain claimed lands in North America that were located near the coastlines leaving many of the interior area unexplored, unsettled and available for the taking. (American Action). Englands colonization efforts in the America's were financed mainly by private citizen looking for a better life in the New World. (berkin, 47) The first settlers arrived in 1607, 144 men sent by the London Company reached the Chesapeake Bay, their settlement became Jamestown. By 1616, the settlers of Virginia started growing tobacco after failing to find gold. African slaves were brought in around 1619 to farm the lands. English emigrants arrived in Plymouth in 1620 and by 1630 the Massachusetts Bay Company sent a larger group of Puritans to settle in Massachusetts. Puritans who thought Massachusetts was not religious enough left and formed Connecticut while Puritans who thought Massachusetts was too limiting established Rhode Island. (History) Meanwhile, in 1638 a group of settlers formed the colony of New Hampshire where the major industry was Agriculture (potatoes, fishing). (http://www.smplanet.com/). King Charles II gave his brother James the Due of York what we now know as New York during 1664 and by 1680 King Charles granted Quaker Willam Pen 45,000 square miles that we now know as Pennsylvania. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia's population included farmers that produced corn, lumber, beef and pork. These colonies relied heavily on African slave labor to man their farm lands. The founding of the 13 English colonies located along the Eastern seaboard would eventually become the foundation of the United States of America. In conclusion, the events that transpired during the age of exploration, discovery and expansion essentially became the actions that would determine the course and future of North, South and Central America. In its hasty conquest to secure large tracts of land and wealth, Spain presumed they could easily declare ownership of land without establishing permanent colonies that would defend and protect the property. On the other hand, the British monarch focused their efforts on securing New World territories through the imagination and tenacity of enterprising private citizens that were looking to improve their life by venturing out into the unknown.
After the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492, the powerful Old World scrambled to colonize it. The three major nations involved in this were Spain, France, and England. Spain took more to the south in the Central American and Mexico areas while France went north in the Canada region. The English came to America and settled in both the New England and Chesapeake area. Although the people in these regions originated from the same area, the regions as a whole evolved into different societies because of the settlers’ purpose for coming to America and the obstacles faced in both nature and with the natives.
Christopher Columbus discovered the America’s for Spain in 1492. The explorers and settlers that settled in Central and South America were mostly Spanish and Portuguese. The English took notice of the Spanish success in the America’s, so they decided to explore the upper part of the America’s, North America, in the late 1500’s.
Marcus Gravey stated that, “A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.” With that being stated, are the people of the United States, Canada, and Mexico trees without roots? At a young age students learn that Christopher Columbus “sailed the ocean blue in 1492”, a simple song used to assist children remember that America was discovered in 1492. In addition, Thackeray and Findling describe how Columbus’s discovery presented an unimaginable amount of opportunity for Europeans, and therefore, Spanish, French, and later British explores and settlers began to flock to this new world.
When they found the “new world” is too weak to resist the invasion of European, they started to establish the colony in America. Bartolomé de Las Casas used to be a priest who explored America on Hispaniola and Cuba. But after he witnessed the colonists enslave and mistreat Indians, he changed his mind and start to protect the Indians. He free his Indian slaves in 1514, and start to against Spanish mistreat them (Foner, p.7). After that, he made the effort to liberate the Indian slaves, and he had backed to Spain several times want to make the King reduce the heavy labor of Indians. Finally, Spain published New Laws in 1542, which indicate that Indians no longer be enslaved (Foner, p.7).
Beginning in 1492, Spain had been the first European nation to sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean and colonize the Amerindian nations of the Western Hemisphere. The empire that came from this exploration extended from Virginia on the
Elizabeth inherited a tattered realm: dissension between Catholics and Protestants tore at the very foundation of society; the royal treasury had been bled dry by Mary and her advisors, Mary's loss of Calais left England with no continental possessions for the first time since the arrival of the Normans in 1066 and many (mainly Catholics) doubted Elizabeth's claim to the throne. Continental affairs added to the problems - France had a strong footland in Scotland, and Spain, the strongest western nation at the time, posed a threat to the security of the realm. Elizabeth proved most calm and calculating (even though she had a horrendous temper) in her political acumen, employing capable and distinguished men to carrying out royal prerogative.
Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the New World in 1492 sparked an era known as the Columbian Exchange, in which the exchange of plants, animals, technology, ideas, and diseases occurred. It also marked the migration of many European settlers into the Americas, where they implemented their Eurocentric ideology on the First Nations who were residing there. A large amount of Latin Native Americans were taken as slaves back to Europe, or forced to commit rigorous labour and chores on sugar and coffee plantations in the Caribbean or South America. European monarchs utilized such resources through a mercantilist policy, giving Europe an economic boost. Based on the profits they were making through colonialism, they decided to set out and go imperialize more territory around the world. These events reinforce the idea that Europe could only flourish through the marginalization of Aboriginal
In the year of 1492, the Queen and King of Spain developed thoughts of strengthening their power and seeking new sources of wealth. This being stated the Queen and King had agreed on financing Christopher Columbus’s expedition, hoping it would bring the kingdom wealth (Ellis 2004). On October 12 Columbus had discovered a new location, due to this discovery; Latin America had been colonized by the Spanish conquistadors sent by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Overall, Latin America had been colonized for the sake of seeking wealth (Ellis 2004). Obtaining gold was the simple way of gaining wealth. Gold was the resource that attracted Spaniards to the Island of Hispaniola, because it was also King Ferdinand's interest (De la Riva 2003 ). Thus it ended up becoming the ultimate goal of the Christian Spaniards sent to Hispaniola to acquire gold and swell themselves in riches. (Las Casas 1552).Trading was also the key to getting wealthy; the more resources available for trade the more wealth will be gained. Resources in the New World attracted the Spanish conquistadors to Latin America; it was also what he...
Looking back into history, at around the 1500s to the 1600s, people were very much the same in the sense that many countries were looking to aggrandize their economy and appear the greatest. It was this pride and thinking that motivated many of the superpowers of the world’s past. Two such monarchies in the European continent included England and Spain, which had at the time, the best fleets the world has ever seen. Because both were often striving to be the best, they conflicted with one another. Although England and Spain had their differences, they both had a thirst to see new things and it was this hunger that led them both to discovering different parts of the “New World” and thus, colonizing the Americas.
Spain had led in the “Exploration of foreign lands”. The Spanish had carried riches and built trades that spanned the globe at that time. England wanted these riches and trades for themselves, so one Englishman named Francis Drake began to sail for the Caribbean in search of theses riches. He began to raid Spanish settlements and treasure ships. Queen Elizabeth loved to hear about Drakes “piracy” and she began to support Drakes cause. This outraged the Spanish. Another problem that arose between England and Spain was that Queen Elizabeth granted a Courtier named Sir Walter Raleigh permission to “establish a colony” in North America. The Spanish considered North America to be theirs,( their domain). Sir Raleigh was unable to sail to North America
European exploration brought many new ideas and practices to the world. Europeans exploration discoveries brought negative and positive impacts to the society they were building. The explorations was a success for many countries, but it also was a loss for a lot of Native Americans people. The exploration started a new mankind, it gave countries and people items they never had. The discovery of new world was a big impacts from the European exploration. Countries were now fighting over lands and the resources that were on the land. Slavery and the Columbian change were also big impacts from the exploration. The world changed because of these three big impacts of the European explorations. There
relied on the influx of gold and silver from the New World. Spain was the first
Spanish exploration first began with a series of revolutions. First, the Commercial Revolution generated economic stability. Second, the Intellectual Revolution generated interest in the Earth's composition and the pursuit of exploration. Europe then called for a political revolution to end the disorganized and disorderly rule of its government. This revolution returned order and stability to the government and renewed interest in exploration to search for national wealth. The last of these revolutions was the religious revolution (note Columbus' voyage occurred before this revolution). As more people broke away from the national religion they searched for a place where they could worship freely, thus generating interest in the exploration of new lands.
Trade and Exploration: People started to wonder out to the known world with their ships. John Abot explored the northeast coast of North America, 1497. Vasco Da Gama explored the India and the cape of Good Hope, 1498. Balboa crosses Isthmus of Panama and sights the Pacific Ocean. Magellan leads a first expedition to circum-navigate the globe. Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico, destroying Aztec Empire, 1521. British East India company founded for trade with Asia, 1600. First permanent English settlement in North America established at Jamestown, Virginia, 1607, and the Mayflower lands at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, 1620.
The age of exploration started with one Spanish man by the name of Christopher Columbus from 1460-1521. He stormed the Americas claiming lands in the name of Spain, God, and gold. Columbus when first exploring reached the Americas thinking he had hit the East Indies. Instead he reached a Caribbean island and named the natives Indians. These ‘Indians’ were defenseless against everything the Europeans brought because everything they brought was bigger and better than what the Natives had. Although the Spanish Crown had instructed to use diplomacy before force the explorers and their armies were very aggressive. Occasionally the Europeans had brought big dogs with them to fight off any unfriendly Indians. “Native villages were plundered, women raped, and people taken into slavery. One tactic was to lure the tribal chief into the Spanish council and hold him hostage until their demands were met.”(Gale) These tactics often would the explorers up in situations where they were at war with the Natives. This almost ensured that exploration of the Americas was going to have negative effects.