Compare And Contrast Texting And Driving Study

a) The experimental study is whereby the effect of television in comparison to the children’s weight was being measured. This difference is being measured with regard to the changes that would be expected after a child plays a physically engaging game within a period of time then the weight is compared to the weight they had before the exercise. The experiment aimed at reducing the weight of children thus the weight of the children is the independent variable in this experiment. The dependent variable in this experiment is the extent to which the children were exposed to the television exercise in a bid to determine their weight.

b) The second study is the correlational one. It has both the dependent and independent variable. The two primary variables measured in the study include the change in the weight of the children after introducing television to help with their weight reduction and the general weight of the children before introducing the television as an exercising aid in

reducing weight. The measurement scale used in the independent variable is interval since there is an expected change in the weight of the children after going through the exercise. The dependent variable will use the nominal since it partly depends on the changes on the independent variable.
c) The first study can support the causal claim that giving overweight kids an active device makes them lose fat because it will make them more active than the normal exercise. It has infused both the entertainment element and weight loss thus making it much easier for them to lose body fat because kids are always attracted to gaming devices. The test is reliable in that it comes with consistent results. The level of validity is based on the extent to which the test measures what it intends to measure. Based on standardization, the test has a large representative sample among people based on those that their scores are set on a standard for comparison.
d) The second study supports the causal claim that having a television in the bedroom would cause kids to gain weight overtime because the test is reliable in that it has consistent results showing the children are likely to gain weight when they have television in their bedrooms. The level of validity is based on the extent to which the test measures what it intends to measure the weight of the children. Based on standardization, the test has a large representative sample among people based on those that their scores are set on a standard for comparison.

Question 2
a) The claim the headline of the article is making is that the teens are exposing themselves to a lot of risks by not observing the traffic rules.

Texting while driving clearly diverts an individual’s attention from driving and likely to cause an accident. The most effective of the four validities is external validity is that texting while driving is a common act among the American teens, a situation that can be attributed to peer pressure among the teenagers.

b) The MSNBC story does not give enough detail in assessing external validity because it does not give conclusive details on the genesis of such acts that the teenagers display. In addition, the article does not avail the effect the teenager’s actions result into whether and accident or some form of injury. Moreover, there is no clarification whether the teenagers are texting while driving or when the vehicle is stopped. Therefore, there is need for clarifying the genesis of such habit and the dangers they may be exposed to

overtime.
c) The article does not give enough detail on the in assessing construct validity because the variables within the study does not manipulate the various operational variables that are used in approximating the various concepts within the study. For instance it only looks at a common habit among individuals within a particular age group that are the teenager. Not much attention is given to the various operational variables among the protagonists in the article. There is need for knowing the chances of such habits and what would be needed to stop such an act.
d) The story of Dylan Young is an example of an empirical text since it was arrived at after a study that was being done on texting while driving among teenagers. The journalist includes this in the story so as to offer a clarification on the kind of danger the teenagers were exposing themselves to by engaging in such an act. Moreover, the journalist includes this in order to bring in the sense of effect for certain actions that people take. This shows the kind of punishment one has to go through as a result of such acts and the relevant lessons that readers can draw from the story itself. This also makes it much easier to understand the kind of danger one gets exposed to whenever they ignore the relevant traffic rules they have to adhere to order to ensure safety.