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Native american and european technology
Native american and european technology
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These two informational articles, Keeping Warm in the Winter by Tom Kernan and How to Keep Warm by Kathleen Krull both explain the challenges that colonists faced while living in a cold winter climate.
First, one example from Keeping warm in the Winter to prove how colonial people faced the challenge of keeping warm, is a letter that Warren Johnson had written to his brother “ ‘December the 28th, 1760. It was so cold as to freeze almost anything by the fire’s side: The frost is so intense, that if you walk in leather boots & gloves, you are frostbitten.’ ” This quote tells us that the winter was so unbearable, that even if you are fully wrapped up you will still be extremely cold. On the other hand, How to Keep Warm talks to us about Benjamin
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As an example, in the article Keeping Warm in the Winter talks about a few tiny inventions that colonists created to keep themselves warm such as: “ One of those items was a bed warmer. A bed warmer is a brass pan and lid attached to a long wooden handle. By filling the pan with hot embers and running the pan under the covers, colonials could warm up their beds before getting in.” This is one of the many clever ideas that colonists came up with during the harsh winters. What this invention does is it lets the colonials beds stay warm by placing hot embers on a brass pan then the heat radiates through the brass and makes your bed nice and cozy for a good night's rest. In How to Keep Warm Ben Franklin tackled this problem a bit differently than the other colonists by inventing a new type of wood burning stove. “Franklin’s idea was a new kind of wood burning stove. He would move the fire from an open hearth into a metal box that was inside the fireplace and connected to the chimney. Behind the metal box, he added a “winding passage” of small metal chambers that made hot air travel a longer path and kept it from escaping so quickly. Metal is a good conductor of heat, so the heat in the metal box was captured and radiated into the
During the Revolutionary War, at Valley Forge, which is Washington’s winter camp, 18 miles outside Pennsylvania, soldiers went through a very rough time during the tough and hard winter months of 1777 and 1778. Many soldiers didn’t have shoes, jackets, blankets, and proper warm clothing. Also, there was barely enough food for everyone. For example, in Document C, Dr. Albigence Waldo, (a doctor/surgeon at Valley Forge) , states, “No meat! No meat!”
The soldiers settled for winter in Valley Forge in Philadelphia, the perfect spot to keep an eye on the British and close to Quakers for food. They were ready to face the winter. After the winter started to come to an end, most of the army survived. “ On April 13, 1778, word reached camp that the French would join the Americans in the war. It was a huge turning point.”
The supplies that tom murphy had were pretty warm. He had a down jacket and already had a big coat that he was wearing. He had mittens and for at night he had a 8ft square nylon tarp with rubberized coating. To sleep in he had a 3 pound down sleeping bag witch would be pretty warm. Tom Murphy had a stove that he could carry in his backpack full of supplies. Tom murphy had a pretty big bag of food, a small emergency kit and two water bottle, and he traveled on ski's. I think he would have had more supplies than John Colter. Keep in mind that Tom Murphy knew what he was traveling into and John Colter didn’t.
Brian's Winter by Gary Paulsen. The book takes place during present time and during winter. The location is the wilderness in Canada. The surroundings were filled with pine trees and and bushes everywhere. There are many wild animals such as birds, rabbits, and other larger animals. Also the ground was covered in snow and the temperature was freezing. The mood that the setting creates is miserable. For example “But it rained steadily for five days and while it rained it colder, so by the fifth day Brian felt as if he was freezing.” (p. 33) This quote shows how miserable it was for Brian out in the Canadian wilderness.
He later uses them to cross the icy Potomac to win the very important Battle of Trenton. The importance of this battle is that it raises the morale of the soldiers. After this, Howe decides to go into winter quarters. Washington and his army do the same, but would occasionally strike against the redcoats whenever they went foraging for supplies for themselves and their horses. After that first winter the Americans and British continued their war.
In document F, you can see that there is such a shortage of food that people resort to stealing their fellow colonists' clothes to pay for things like “butter and beef out of a ship”. You can also use the example of a resource shortage in document B, which shows a graph of the average rainfall during the first few years that the colonists lived there. From 1605-1612, Jamestown went through it’s longest, harshest drought. This meant there was very little food and water during that time. When you remember that the time period we are looking at is only from 1607 to 1610, it seems like that drought could have been a major factor in why a lot of the colonists died. Lastly, document D shows us that it was not just the colonists struggling. Native people also were having trouble finding food. An expedition of colonists was sent out to try to trade with some of the natives, but they had to force them to give anything. All the colonists got was a small shipload of grain and some very angry natives. The crew of that ship determined that the amount of grain they had would not do anything substantial for the colony, so they headed back to England, eating the grain along the way. So the colony never even got the grain, but they did have to deal with some very angry natives, which on its own is another reason that a lot of them didn’t
With this heat and also a drought that summer, the fresh water around them became saturated by salt and it is believed they also died of salt poisoning. With all these events, deaths, and hardships the colonists were now just fighting for survival. With their store of wheat and barley thin, starvation drove them to cannibalism, eating dogs, cats and other animals. With all the deaths and less and less able bodied men, with about 60 men alive and only 6 months in, they decided to execute a man just because he was believed to be a spy. This shows how they were still weary of a Spanish attack and needed guidance.
In Jamestown, while at sea they were stranded for weeks off the British coast, and they had dwindled food supply. Several of them died because of the poor food supply. Also, as soon as the settlers of Jamestown were spotted, they were immediately surrounded by attacks from Algonquian natives, uncontrolled diseases, and internal political strife. More than half of the colonists that were on the ship died from famine and illness in their first winter. Their Captain, John Smith tried making peace with the natives before returning to England, however the following winter, another disaster struck Jamestown and it was the period of the “starving time.” Unfortunately, only 60 out of 500 colonists survived. They were not only in need of food supply, but they had been in drought for a very long time. They tried hard to survive everything they went through, but many of them couldn’t survive. Like Jamestown, Plymouth also went through so much to survive. Plymouth had a very important event happen while on their journey. The Mayflower Compact occurred at the same time. During the Mayflower Compact, women had by far the hardest time out of all groups of passengers. Of eighteen women that went with their husbands, no single woman came on the Mayflower. Sadly, all but 5 of them died. Their death rate was 72%, which was above the 58% for men. 25% for boys, and 18% for girls. Plymouth colonists struggled from a lot of the same things the Jamestown colonists did. In Plymouth, their voyage over sea was too long with no proper food supply, except on good weather days, which were hardly ever. They also, experienced internal political struggles, and sickness. Something new they experienced was weather problems. On the Mayflower, death usually came at a young age. All their horrible experiences also caused many deaths, but they never gave up on trying everything and anything
...le and Northern colonies, the Southern rivers did not freeze, therefore commerce was year round. The flip side to having a warm climate, is the increase in growth of bacteria and disease. Consequently, the Southern colonists faced a shorter life span. Women were often left widows leaving them the rights to their husbands' estate. Therefore, women had the opportunity and position to have more power. As a result of this warmer area, agriculture shaped the plantation colonies.
What is the ironic result in his success in making the Little Seamstress more Sophisticated?
A series of cold spells and heavy snowfalls culminated in the first week of January, when a huge snowstorm accompanied by high winds hit the central plains. Drifts of six feet or more were common and the temperature dropped to 30 degrees below zero in some places. Many prairie homes had been quickly and cheaply built, leaving settlers ill prepared to protect themselves from such cold. The snow and wind were so fierce that people became lost a few yards from their homes.
There are three types. of heat: conduction, convection and radiation. There are a number of ways to control the heat lost, an example is taking tiles and. surrounding the fire to decrease the area of the heat that can be lost. so more heat is trapped in the water.
With John Smith gone the colony's state worsened. The colonists had very little food. The natives supplied food, but not enough. The weather was also colder than usual. Geologists determined that there was a little global cooling and called it a “little ice age”. Before winter, there were a number of pigs in the colony. The colonists ate every one of them. With the pigs gone, they ate horses, dogs and cats. They even ate rats and snakes. With most of the food gone, some colonists resorted to cannibalism, while others died from starvation. At the end of the winter, only about 60 of the 500 colonists were
be actually hot. In this way the fire moves and alters the wood. Now, it is not possible for
...ention of his famous stove, quoting “... as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously.”