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Historiography of the origins of the cold war
History cold war essay
Origins of the cold war historiography
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The Cold War historiography, specifically the issue of nuclear deterrence has provided historians the classic dialectic of an original thesis that is challenged by an antithesis. Both then emerge in the resolution of a new synthesis. Unfortunately, each evolution of a new synthesis is quickly demolished with each political crisis and technological advance during the Cold War narrative. The traditional/orthodox views were often challenged by the conventional wisdom with the creation of synthesis or post revisionism. There appears to be a multiple historiographical trends on nuclear deterrence over the Cold War; each were dependent and shaped upon international events and technological developments. I have identified four major trends: the orthodox, the revisionist, the post revisionist, st and the New Left. Each of these different historical approaches had its proponents and opponents, both in the military as well as the political and …show more content…
The first theme is the aggressive actions and posturing (political as well as military) of the Soviet Union (whether it be Stalin through Andropov) forced the West and its allies into an ever increasing response to the perceived threat of a Soviet attack. The second theme is the United States confronted this aggressive posturing responded in kind; in turning raising the stakes back to the Soviet Union. In the last theme attempts to counter what the Soviets/Americans believed an encroachment to their spheres of influence required a response. The reality in this nuclear poker was everyone could afford to lose the small hands, but would not commit to all out confrontation unless threatened with the threat of total war. The commitment of the United States represented its stake to become active responsible for the freedom and
The foreign and domestic policies during the Cold War lead to both the separation of world powers and the fear of political and social systems throughout the world. After World War 2 had ended, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union heighted. The agreements made at the Yalta Conference between Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt , were not being followed by the Soviets. The Soviet Union kept the land they reconquered in Eastern Europe and did not enforce a democratic government in those countries, as they promised. Instead, the Soviet Union decided to continue spreading communism in their reconquered lands. The United States’ feared the spread of communism and attempted to do anything in its power to stop it. Before the United
In 1980, it seemed like the United States was not as dominant in the world as it had been before. The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union began after World War II. The two nations had joined forces as members of the Allies, but tensions arose after the war. The Americans were very worried about the spread of Soviet communism, and tried to prevent it with a policy of containment, where the United States would protect countries from outside oppression. The Cold War also expanded to include the race between the Soviets and Americans to create atomic weapons. Furthermore, there was a race between the two countries to put the first man in space, which was accomplished by the United States in 1961 (“Cold War History”). The Cold War was a standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union to try to prove their dominance in the world. Each country wanted to have more power and diminish the power of the other. At home, Americans were paranoid with the thought of Soviet spies and communists hiding amongst them, dubbed the “Red Scare.” President Richard Nixon and the Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev signed the Strategic A...
There have been many attempts to explain the origins of the Cold War that developed between the capitalist West and the communist East after the Second World War. Indeed, there is great disagreement in explaining the source for the Cold War; some explanations draw on events pre-1945; some draw only on issues of ideology; others look to economics; security concerns dominate some arguments; personalities are seen as the root cause for some historians. So wide is the range of the historiography of the origins of the Cold War that is has been said "the Cold War has also spawned a war among historians, a controversy over how the Cold War got started, whether or not it was inevitable, and (above all) who bears the main responsibility for starting it" (Hammond 4). There are three main schools of thought in the historiography: the traditional view, known alternatively as the orthodox or liberal view, which finds fault lying mostly with the Russians and deems security concerns to be the root cause of the Cold War; the revisionist view, which argues that it is, in fact, the United States and the West to blame for the Cold War and not the Russians, and cites economic open-door interests for spawning the Cold War; finally, the post-revisionist view which finds fault with both sides in the conflict and points to issues raised both by the traditionalists as well as the revisionists for combining to cause the Cold War. While strong arguments are made by historians writing from the traditionalist school, as well as those writing from the revisionist school, I claim that the viewpoint of the post-revisionists is the most accurate in describing the origins of the Cold War.
Glynn, Patrick. Closing Pandora's Box "Arms Races, Arms Control, and the History of the Cold War". New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, Inc. 1992.
...e notion that to avoid a hot war, the two superpowers turned to the use of soft power, without actually knowing the term for it. All of the leaders in the two countries made sure to avoid a hot war at any expense, knowing the consequences. The speeches, telegrams, letters, summits and so forth guaranteed that a nuclear war would not take place. There is a consensus that the United States of America won the cold war, somewhat because its major rival fell apart. In any case, it was also because the Americans did not send troops directly into the zones controlled by the Soviets in Eastern Europe, but used force in the areas where they couldn’t let the countries succumb to communism such as Korea and Vietnam. The Cold War was majorly fought using soft power than hard power and this is the reason why we live in times where the world is not destroyed by nuclear weapons.
Melissa Jordine said that “1949 proved to be a pivotal year,” and she would be correct (Cold War). It was the middle of the Cold War and tensions were high between the Soviet Union and the United States. The US had consistently opposed Russia’s communist government, but had become even more vehement in their hostilities once Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the USSR, announced his intentions to overthrow capitalist systems worldwide, which included the system that the United States boasted (Cold War). The American people knew they must resist the rising power, and the only feasible option that they saw to deter Soviet aggression was to maintain military superiority, namely through the singular possession of nuclear weapons. So it came as a terrifying shock when the Soviet Union detonated their own atomic bomb on August 29, 1949, ending the United States’ “atomic monopoly” and starting a race to develop better nuclear arms (Jordine, Hydrogen Bomb). The hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb, was a product of this race, and while its creation negatively impacted the environment, it served its intended purpose in the respect that the threat of its use prevented a nuclear war and allowed for the United States to retain its capitalist government.
Georgi Malenkov, the Soviet premier in 1954 had cast doubt on the thesis that one side must prevail in a nuclear war and had cautioned that such a situation could mean the very end of civilization. It is, however, ironic that his call for restrain very much became the reason for his downfall, as he was portrayed as weak and unreliable on national security, yet as time would prove, both the nations of USA and USSR ultimately came to the conclusion that it was prudent for the betterment of the people on both sides to spend the precious resources on the betterment of their people, rather than pursuing an un-ending arms-race.
The question “what is, or should be, the function of nuclear weapons?” for me is an easy question to answer, there should be no function for them. I find no need for nuclear weapons in the post-cold war era; they are massive genocide machines that have no use in today’s time. During the cold war I can easily find reasons for them to be used but the cold war is now over. But in reality it’s known that this is a huge dream and most likely will never be accomplished to rid the world of nuclear weapons, so in a realist point of view and for the purpose of this paper I’ll say that the only logical (yet not truly logical) means of using a nuclear weapon is through deterrence. In this paper I will talk about how I believe it should be done and what opponents to my view believe. I will also talk about how there are many complexities to nuclear strategy and it’s not as easy as just removing weapons. But the main focus on this paper is what should the function of a nuclear weapon be and that’s deterrence.
The Soviet was not fond of Western’s concept of deterrence. The Soviet’s concept of deterrence has different implications and meaning than those of the United States. The United States viewed deterrence as mutual and it would be at one disadvantage to start a war. On the other hand, the Soviet Union viewed deterrence as “one-sided and must make war unprofitable for the coalition of the United States and NATO” (pg. 23). Deterrence is a method of preventing capitalism from attacking socialism and taking control over the entire world. In order for deterrence to be stable, the Soviet must have military superiority over the West. Establishing military superiority over the West seems to be the primary explanation of the Soviet actions and
There are many similarities and differences between the Cold War and the War on Terrorism, especially in a lot of the items you listed for us.
The heated topic showcased the U.S expanding their economic and social strides, whereas the Soviet Union opposed these fundamentals in government. (Making America) This ongoing global conflict, based on the fight between Capitalism and Communism, was centered on the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union.(Capitalism vs. Communism) The debate between both communism and capitalism caused many differences in the settlement of foreign policies amongst trading throughout the world. The world was now divided between “two ways of life”—not communism versus capitalism, a distinction that allowed to link this new American involvement in European affairs.(John Lewis Gaddis) Yet other scholars believe the fundamental disagreements over government power and social structure divided the formerly allied nations and sparked an intense battle for world supremacy. Being two superpowers which were the major players in the Cold War (Ani Donat). I disagree with the statement “government power and social structure were major players in the Cold War” because while there was a dispute between both Communist (US) and Capitalist (Soviet Union) parties this was due to foreign affairs. As I previously stated, there were European affairs which were trying to open different trading between nations all over Europe and establish treaties between said nations. An uproar was
The night grew colder and I could feel the guilt building in my chest. Only knowing I had done everything to deserve what was happening. every moment in my life had come to this. As I darted through the alleyway the screaming grew louder. With every breath I felt my heart falling in my chest. How could I let myself get to this point.
The world first witnessed the power of these modern weapons of mass destruction, and after two successful bombings, forced Japan to surrender. This forced the world into a nuclear arms race, which resulted in the Soviet Union to develop an atomic bomb four years after the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings. The arms race continued through the Cold War, creating the term mutually assured destruction, “MAD” until both superpowers had enormous nuclear stockpiles. After the conclusion of the Cold War in the 1990’s, both sides still contained large nuclear stockpiles with five other countries possessing nuclear weapons. Looking at the present day, is there still a need for nuclear weapon deterrents in the Twenty-First Century? Both James E. Doyle and Seth Cropsey agree that nuclear weapons will not protect the United States from the threats that face it today. One major point is Nuclear Weapons show their limitations when deterring or preventing terrorist attacks from occurring. James Doyle explains (2014), “ US nuclear weapons do not deter terrorist attacks. Al-Qaeda has attacked the United States, Great Britain, Pakistan, several NATO members, and Israeli… All these states possess nuclear arms or are in alliance with nuclear powers”(16). In the Twenty-First Century technology and changing climate is also decreasing the need for world powers to use nuclear weapons as deterrents. Doyle raises an uncommon point on the effects of a nuclear explosion and its effects on the environment during a period of increase temperatures. In the future, “Threats to use nuclear weapons will lack credibility because carrying them out would greatly worsen global environmental damage and its consequences for all states, including those who used nuclear weapons”(Doyle, 2014, 25). In addition, Seth Cropsey proposes an idea to replace nuclear weapons with technologically advanced conventional
Thesis Statement: The cold war was fought on many fronts but the role that Afghanistan had in it would be one of the most pivotal conflicts that would decide the fate of the Cold War’s reign over the two powerful nations in America and Soviet Union.
We stopped at an overnight rest area 40 kilometres past Longreach and set up camp for the stormy night to come. While we were waiting for dinner to be cooked a few of us stood around the fire watching the huge black clouds rumbling in. Blinding, flashing, terrifying bolts of light dancing across the sky like a frenzy of fish. Lightning. The whole sky lights up and for a few brief moments it appears day.