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Strengths of the piaget theory
Strengths of the piaget theory
Strengths of the piaget theory
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Cognitivism
Cognitivism is considered the dominant approach in psychology today. The dramatic shift from behaviorism to cognitivism occurred in the early part of this century. After years of almost exclusively behaviorist research, psychologists and educators became discontent with the limitations of behaviorism. Although behaviorism encouraged observable and measurable research in the field of psychology, it did not incorporate mental events.
This paper will present a general overview of the origin of cognitivism and a discussion of three widely accepted cognitive theories—the Atkinson-Shriffin stage model, Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing theory, and the parallel distributed processing approach. Finally, this paper will briefly summarize some ways that cognitivism has influenced instructional design theories.
Origin of Cognitivism
The origin of cognitivism can be traced back to the early part of this century when the Gestalt psychologists of Germany, Edward Chase Tolman of the United States, and Jean Piaget (1896-1980) of Switzerland had a tremendous influence on psychology and the shift from behaviorist theories. Behaviorists argued that mental events were impossible to observe and measure and could not therefore be studied objectively. Consequently behaviorists could not explain the ways learners attempt to make sense of what they learn. Cognitivists proposed that through empirical research and observation inferences could, indeed, be drawn about the internal, cognitive processes that produce responses. According to Matlin,
Cognitive psychologists generally agree that the birth of cognitive psychology should be listed as 1956…During this prolific year, a large number of researchers published influ...
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.... (1990). The child’s conception of the world. New York: Littlefield Adams.
Piaget, J., Gruber, H. (Ed.), & Voneche, J.J. (Ed.). The essential Piaget (100th Annicersay Ed.). New York: Jason Aronson.
Renner and others. (1976).
Schumaker, R. (1996). Anniversary: Jean Piaget—A foundational thinker. UNESCO Courier, n11, 48-49.
Scott, B. D. (1997). Constructivism: Teaching for understanding of the Internet. Communications of the ACM, v 40n10, 112-117.
Striebel, M. (1995). Instructional plans and situationed learning. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, future (2nd ed). (ppl. 145-166). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
Vygotsky, L. & Vygotsky, S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Vygotsky, L. (1986). Thought and language. Boston: MIT Press.
Hacking into large companies or agencies to steal one’s card information has become simple. Lewis (2013) says that, “Hacking is incredibly easy; survey data consistently shows that 80 to 90 percent of successful breaches of corporate networks required only the most basic techniques“(p. 1). On November 27, 2013, Target’s security was breeched when forty million credit and debit cards were stolen. The breach lasted from November 27 to December 15, 2013.
Timberg, C., Yang, J. L., & Tsukayama, H. (2013, December 19). Target says 40 million credit, debit cards may have been compromised in security breach. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/target-data-breach-affects-40-million-accounts-payment-info-compromised/2013/12/19/5cc71f22-68b1-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html
At first report, the data breach was discovered to have compromised all Target stores nationwide, and it involved the theft of credit card numbers and customer stored data within the magnetic strips of cards that were used in the stores. It was believed to have occurred right after Thanksgiving Day and in to December (Krebs, 2013). Apparently, online shoppers were believed to be safe from the hack and that only the stores were attacked. Now, the intrusion was believed to have resulted from a visit to one of Target’s stores by an HVAC company named Fazio Mechanical Services from Sharpsburg, PA. Krebs (2014) stated, “Target told reporters at The Wall Street Journal and Reuters that the initial intrusion into its systems was traced back to network credentials that were stolen from a third party vendor” (para. 1).
Gruber, H. E., & Voneche, J. J. (Eds.). (1977) The Essential Piaget. New York: Basic Book, Inc.
Piaget worked at Binet Institute in 1920. As a worker there his job was to develope french versions of questions on english tests. He quickly became amazed with the trying to figure out answers for the reasons why children gave the wrong answers to very logical thinking questions. This discoveries got Piaget thinking, because he thought children were born with a basic mental brain structure based on evolved learning and knowledge. He believed that these answers children were giving revealed that there are very important differences in the way of thinking in adults and children. Piaget soon became the first psychologist to come up with a systematic study of cognitive development in 1936. Piaget had a very spe...
...e belligerent, especially when the Cold War almost turned into an actual war, he was a man of many words that could sway the opinions of many. One speech could turn an entire country’s perspective in the exact opposite direction and with this skill, Britain emerged as a world leader in the preceding half of the twentieth-century. Sir Winston Churchill lived a full and complete life. Though his death may have been sullen, his message was clear, “History will be kind to me, for I intend to write it” (Dell 259) and so was the case.
Eating disorders in athletes do not fit neatly into anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, but rather a combination of both. In athletes, anorexia nervosa may often present itself as over-exercising rather than undereating. In the athletic population, it is difficult to define weight a weight loss criteria for an eating disorder dia...
Smoking cigarettes is a detrimental practice not only to the smoker, but also to everyone around the smoker. According to an article from the American Lung Association, “Health Effects” (n.d.), “Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing over 438,000 deaths per year”. The umbrella term for tobacco use includes the use of cigarettes, cigars, e-cigs and chewing tobacco. While tobacco causes adverse health consequences, it also has been a unifying factor for change in public health. While the tobacco industries targets specific populations, public health specifically targets smokers, possible smokers, and the public to influence cessation, policies and education.
Whilst evaluating the cognitive approach to psychology there are many strengths such as that the cognitive approach takes an understanding of the influence from mental processes on one’s behaviour, focusing on an individual’s thinking patterns and their perception. This approach also relates to many known functions and operations that the human body performs such as memory and problem solving.
The father of pragmatism, founder of progressive education movement, John Dewey was a man of many thoughts and theories. Dewey was the most popular public philosopher of the 20th century. He changed his own mind several times over his lifetime about his philosophy theories. Dewey was significant not only in philosophy, but as an educational theorist and political analyst and activist. Dewey was a renowned philosopher of the progressive movement and was a leading figure in American education. During Dewey’s lifetime the United States not only changed from a rural to an urban society, but from an agricultural to an industrial economy.
Balota, D. A. and Marsh, E.J. Cognitive psychology. Key Readings. (2004) Hove: East Sussex: Psychology Press.
John Dewey was one of the most influential American philosopher born in Vermont in 1859. He graduated from the University of Vermont and eventually got his Ph.D. and went on to teaching at other universities. In his book Experience and Education he talks about traditional education, the theory of experience, criteria of experience, social control, the nature of freedom, the meaning of purpose, progressive organization, and at the end he raps it up with the means and goals of education. Dewey was a well-known philosopher and his ideas travel all around during the early 20th century. He had two main principles; the principle of continuity and the principle of interaction that led to what he believed was the proper way to educated students.
Piaget was biologist and psychologist that is known for “constructing a highly influential model for child development and learning”. Piaget’s theory is based on the premise that the developing child “builds cognitive structures”. These structures are things like mental maps, “schemes, or networked concepts for understanding and responding to physical experiences within a child’s environment.” Piaget further demonstrates that a child’s “cognitive structure increases in sophis...
Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Cognitive psychology (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind In Society:the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press.