Cloward and Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity Theory is appropriate for understanding Rosa and her family’s experiences with crime. It recognizes three delinquent subcultures: criminal, conflict, and retreatist. Criminal occurs in slum neighborhoods in which a hierarchy of available criminal opportunities exist as the means for achieving success. Conflict arise from disorganized slums that denied both legitimate and illegitimate sources of access to status and this resort to violence as means of gaining prestige. Retreatist subculture, which Rosa and her family appear to be a part of, are made of double failure, where individuals are unable to succeed in either the legitimate or illegitimate opportunity structures, and seek status though the …show more content…
Rosa was a teen mom who grew up in severe poverty, and while she did not begin drugs until later in life, this could be representative of the double failure finally setting in. After years of struggle, trying to support her family through whatever legitimate means necessary, she experiences the heroin high for the first time and the pain is gone. From that point, she has to continue with those illegitimate sources in order to keep up her habits, and she is unable to achieve social mobility so that her children aren’t also raised in the conditions that contributed to her criminality. So they go through the same thing, as the subculture which Rosa raised them in becomes their primary source of reference and self-esteem. Even though Ducky does work a legitimate job at one point, he still only used the money he made to feed his drug …show more content…
These theories emphasize criminality as a learned or culturally transmitted process, and Sutherland posits that individuals become predisposed toward criminality because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior. They learn and accept the values and attitudes that look more favorably on crime, and whether people accept or reject is influenced by the looking glass self, the idea that the human personality as a social self, learned in the process of socialization and interactions with others. In the case of Rosa Lee, Rosa was the product of her upbringing in severe poverty and when she had children, she passed her values and interpretations of societal norms onto them; six of the eight of them adopted them. As the mother of 8 children, the main value she taught them was that any behavior was acceptable, whether it be prostitution or shoplifting. At only 11 years old she prostituted her daughter Patty out, who was already a recurring victim of sexual violence at that point, and Patty willingly accepted because she wanted to help her mom bring income into the house. Having witnessed first-hand what Rosa Lee did to survive, and being exposed to that lifestyle on a daily basis, those values were normal to her and all she
Rosa Lee son Richard was sent to an inpatient drug treatment center in Colorado for three years. Ducky is in jail for theft. Rosa Lee is under the care of a doctor for treatment of HIV and takes methadone daily (Dash, 1996). Alvin and Eric are still doing well in their jobs (Dash, 1996). Patty is serving time in the state prison (Dash, 1996). Ronnie is living with his mother in law. Rosa Lee is currently living in public housing and takes care of a great-grandson during the day while his mother attends school (Dash, 1996).
Rosa Lee Cunningham is a 52-year old African American female. She is 5-foot-1-inch, 145 pounds. Rosa Lee is married however, is living separately from her husband. She has eight adult children, Bobby, Richard, Ronnie, Donna (Patty), Alvin, Eric, Donald (Ducky) and one child who name she did not disclose. She bore her eldest child at age fourteen and six different men fathered her children. At Rosa Lee’s recent hospital admission to Howard University Hospital emergency room blood test revealed she is still using heroin. Though Rosa Lee recently enrolled in a drug-treatment program it does not appear that she has any intention on ending her drug usage. When asked why she no longer uses heroin she stated she doesn’t always have the resources to support her addiction. Rosa Lee is unemployed and receiving very little in government assistance. She appears to
Cloward and Ohlin’s differential opportunity theory can be used to describe the behaviors and events in the book, The Stickup Kids. Cloward and Ohlin’s theory is an integration of anomie and culture conflict theories. It states that delinquency is caused through strain, which is categorized by a sense of social injustice which is derived from blocked legitimate and illegitimate opportunities for success. In their theory, kids from lower socio-economic status families, especially marginalized groups, still buy into the idea of the ‘American dream’. However, coming from potentially rundown, crime ridden neighborhoods can block their access to legitimate opportunities to succeed, such as getting a quality education or getting to participate in
He is a decorated veteran, scholar and successful business leader upon graduating. In comparison to the other Wes Moore who never seemed to escape his childhood and ended up in prison. The theory that best explains the authors’ noninvolvement in a life of crime vs. the criminality of the other Wes Moore is the social disorganization theory. Shaw and McKay, the founders of this theory, believed that “juvenile delinquency could be understood only by considering the social context in which youths lived. A context that itself was a product of major societal transformations wrought by rapid urbanization, unbridled industrialization, and massive population shifts” (Lilly, Cullen & Ball, 2015). The theory is centered around transitional zones and competition determined how people were distributed spatially among these zones (Lilly et al., 2015). This model founded by Ernest Burgess showed that high priced residential areas were in the outer zones and the inner zones consisted of poverty (Lilly et al.,
Starting off the discussion we will start with chapter one. Chapter one is about Decent and street families. Decent families are families who live by society’s norms and try to avoid violence, drugs, confrontation, whereas street families embrace violence and fear because it is a way to stay alive within their neighborhoods. In the chapter they discuss how many families in the inner city actually have the decent family values, but can also harbor the street values. For example in the chapter they actually discussed an instance where Marge a women they had interviewed had a problem with others in her neighborhood. Her story s...
Anderson’s theory examined African Americans living in America’s inner cities that are driven to follow the “street code” and work to maintain respect, loyalty, and their own self-image. The “street code” Anderson is referring to is “a cultural adaptation” which is the cause of violent crime in America’s inner cities (Anderson Article PDF, 3). Since these people are living in mainly impoverished neighborhoods with easy access to drugs and guns, as well as high rates of crime and violence, “everyone feels isolated and alienated from the rest of America” (Vold, 187). Anderson continues to distinguish between “decent” people and “street people.” Those who are “decent” families live in accordance with a “civil code” that upholds values in comparison with the rest of society such as maintaining a job, obtaining an education, protecting their children and following the law. Additionally, “street” families tend to fend for themselves, and when young, grow up without adult supervision and are often abused. This alone causes a dangerous environment because children then, “learn that to solve any kind of interpersonal problem one must quickly resort to hitting or other violent behavior” (Anderson Article PDF, 5). When brought up in an inner city “street” family, racism is a leading factor that causes the youth to construct a negative outlook on the rest of society. When these inner city, lo...
Strain theory suggests that crime is a result of people’s goals and the means available to achieve them. Nino Brown’s ultimate goal is to obtain the American Dream which means having a lot of money. It is implied in his criminal behavior that he does not view the legitimate means as a way of achieving that goal. As a man who is undereducated and Black, the normal means of achieving the American Dream are pail in comparison to the illegal means. In fact, he sees the illegal means as more effective; this is the Anomie. The Anomie theory holds that socially defined goals are mandated, but the means to achieve them are stratified by class and society. The Cash Money Brothers program The Carter is built on a culture of poverty that has developed abnormally as a result of crack cocaine, and crime becomes the answer as a result of a breakdown in family, school, and employment. The Social Disorganization theory, in New Jack City, would mean that the criminal behavior demonstrated by the Cash Money Brothers is direct result of a serious degradation in the quality of capable guardians, the school system, and the absence of legitimate jobs stemming from Raegonomics. Therefore, the drive for material wealth dominates and undermines social and community values, thereby, providing room for criminal behavior to become more appealing and effective
This movie was very sad but depicted the many social problems of struggling black communities in the early 1990’s. We learned in Adler, Mueller, & Laufer how criminal behavior as a result of frustrations suffered by lower-class individuals deprived of legitimate means to reach their goals are
The Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring is an intriguing narrative of the experiences Terry Williams witnessed first hand while observing the lives of “The Kids” and their involvement in the cocaine trade. Throughout this piece, there are numerous behaviors displayed by the drug dealers that are each examples of and can be attributed to well-defined criminological theories. This paper will explore how such criminological theories are associated with how and why individuals are introduced into the world of drug selling, as well as, why they leave it. I will elaborate on this by revealing the motivations and conditions that seem to pressurize these individuals to be drug dealers. Although there are multiples shown, the specific theories I will explore are all based on the same idea that an individual becomes a criminal by learning how to be one through experiences, examples, role models, etc. Such theories include the theory of Differential Association, Subculture of Violence Theory, and the Social Learning Theory.
This paper presents how Labeling theory and strain theory can explain the crimes that The White family from West Virginia commit on a daily basis. The wonderful White of West Virginia portrays corruption and poverty. They do not conform to any authority or rules; all they want to do is fuss, fight and party. The White family takes part in shoot-outs, robberies; gas huffing, drug dealing, pill popping and murders. They are famously known for their Hill Billy tap dancing and wild criminal ways. West Virginia being the poorest state in the United States they do not have the resources to a good education system or available employment. Therefore, frustration sets in, leading to failed aspirations causing the Whites to resort to violent and illegal ways to survive in a declining economy, to obtain a slight chance to their perspective of the American dream. However, being labeled as the rebels of the south just makes that slight chance of the American dream much harder to obtain.
And with that comes a life of anguish and the only thing they can do is turn to “crime.” To them the benefits of committing a crime outweigh the consequences. Hanna Rosin, author of “American Murder Mystery,” also agrees: “as part of a nationwide experiment to free the poor from the destructive effects of concentrated poverty.” Rosin sees how destructive living in poverty can be for people. Rosin isn’t the only one who thinks poverty is destructive, she quotes HUD Secretary Henry Cisneros: “’ these enclaves of poverty,’ where ‘drug dealers control the stairwells, where children can’t go outside to play, where mothers put their
As in Small’s lecture slides, the rules of the street revolve around the three R’s (respect, retaliation and reputation). Often times black youths have to engage in conflict to build respect or a reputation that will ensure future safety. However, it is easy to get caught up in this world and no think about future success with the allure of drugs and violence. In chapter six of the cultural matrix, Patterson describes how most youths in the inner city have had friends or family shot in front of them. This culture of fear instills values that promote survival but may not promote stable finical success as would the values instilled in a white suburb. There are the injunctive norms that both communities can understand but there are in turn the descriptive norms of how to behave that ensure
Just like many teenagers with wounded souls, the first sign of validation make them jump at it. When Jane noticed Ricky, who abused and sells drugs, was interested in her, she fell in love with him almost immediately. Jane had found someone who told her she was beautiful, and made her feel important by constantly filming her. She spent more time with the guy and soon she started abusing drugs like the boy. Innocent Jane agreed to go with Ricky to New York to start life together, even when her friend Angela tried to talk her out of it. Who knows what Jane’s life would turn into with a drug dealer? This a good example of what could happen to a person from a broken home or someone who has a low self-esteem. If Jane felt loved from her home, she would not have been seeking love desperately from others and she would not have agreed to follow a drug abuser to a faraway city without her parents
Drawing from tenets of Marxist theory, critical criminology believe that crime results from the mode of production by capitalist and the economic structures they have created. Social classes have been divided into two: those whose income is secured by property ownership; and those whose income is secured by their labor. The resultant class structure influences the opportunities of an individual to succeed in life and his propensity to engage in crime. Although it encompasses the macro-economic factors that are rarely included in micro-economic analysis of crime, it does not substitute those macro factors, like unemployment, to micro factors, like being jobless. However, it combines the macro and micro factors in analyzing how micro factors of crime are integrated into the macro structures.
Starting in the 1980s, reports of female involvement in gangs, drug sales, and violence began to surface as a serious problem in America. To support claims of increased female delinquency, reporters and scholars often cite crime statistics or anecdotes from field studies. The reasons they give to explain this female crime wave generally fall into one of two categories: drugs as a means for economic success the idea that the increased availability of crack cocaine provides economic means to poverty-ridden women suffering from the effects of urbanization and deindustrializationand social movements the idea that female “liberation” has hit the streets.