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Ethical dilemmas in genetic engineering
Ethicality of human genetic engineering
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Recommended: Ethical dilemmas in genetic engineering
Cloning: Opening a Pandora's Box
What Dolly is to biology can be likened to what nuclear bomb is to physics. And just like the latter, Dolly brings with it a host of controversies. Dolly redefined nature the same way Fat Man and Little Boy redefined warfare in 1945. The impact to the human civilisation is what makes both Dolly and nuclear physics so great, and controversial. It needs not take long for everyone to realise the Pandora's box that Dolly has pried open, even for someone who knows nothing about biology like myself.
Suddenly, terms like clones, DNA, biotech, life sciences and genes amongst many other similar, once alien, terminologies seemed to appear everywhere; in books, magazines, newspapers and television programmes. Soon thereafter, there were protests, debates and even legislations passed to restrict scientists/biologists/geneticists in their researches. Just what are the reasons behind the world's infatuation over a sheep?
Dolly would not be conceived in nature-it is man-made, it is artificial and yet, it is real. Man had just promoted himself to be Dolly's God. And being a mammal, Dolly opens up questions faster than anyone could possibly answer. The ability to create genetically identical mammals, including humans, is the crux of the controversy revolving Dolly. Like nuclear physics, Dolly is a double-edged sword. We have heard often enough the pros and cons of genetic-engineering techniques that are improved over time. But really, what are all these talks about ethics, rights and law going to amount to?
The fact is that man is an inquisitive animal, an intelligent one at that. We have come to understand the change from day to night, we have sent man onto the moon, we have created enough nuclear bombs to blow up the very planet we live in 20 times over and we are inching towards unravelling and deciphering God's instructions manual in the very near future. In my humble opinion, nothing is going to stop the force of man's curious mind, not laws and definitely not ethical considerations. Already, one Italian scientist, Dr. Severino Antinori, had openly claimed that he had successfully implanted a cloned human embryo into a human surrogate mother(1) .
The implications of Dolly's success are way beyond the medical realm. Commercially, Dolly sparked an explosion of new frontiers for those with an entrepreneurial mind. You want to slim down? We can take out your "fatty genes." You want to have blond hair?
Children grow up watching movies such as Star Wars as well as Gattaca that contain the idea of cloning which usually depicts that society is on the brink of war or something awful is in the midsts but, with todays technology the sci-fi nature of cloning is actually possible. The science of cloning obligates the scientific community to boil the subject down into the basic category of morality pertaining towards cloning both humans as well as animals. While therapeutic cloning does have its moral disagreements towards the use of using the stem cells of humans to medically benefit those with “incomplete” sets of DNA, the benefits of therapeutic cloning outweigh the disagreements indubitably due to the fact that it extends the quality of life for humans.
The strengths of education in Sparta outweighs the weaknesses because Sparta has a very strong army, train very hard, and educate everyone. Sparta’s army is very strong. Military toughness and the perfection of a battle formation made Sparta’s army hard to beat. The battle formation was called the phalanx. With the phalanx the Spartan warriors could stand up to forces many times their size. Every man got trained very hard. Boys started training from their eighth to their twenty-first year with military-like discipline. They were taught and encouraged to go out and steal food without getting caught. Women even were even trained to because if both parents are strong they produce more vigorous offspring. Education was still a factor in Sparta.
What do one think of when they hear the words “Designer Babies”? A couple designing their own baby of course, and it’s become just that. Technology has made it possible for there to be a way for doctors to modify a babies characteristics and its health. Genetically altering human embryos is morally wrong, and can cause a disservice to the parents and the child its effecting.
...y Greek city and influenced politics. All these factors built an almost unstoppable military force. Gradually, the Spartan population started to decline and its military, which was the core of Sparta, weakened. Sparta succeeded in becoming one of the most dominant militaries of its time, but failed in their ultimate goal to become a perfect nation. “Sparta made an enemy of change it self” (Archer, The Spartans).
The city-state Sparta was recognized as one of the strongest military oriented city-states in Ancient Greece during the period beginning in 431 BCE until around 192 BCE. The people who lived there were called Spartans. They were great warriors of Greece. A close by city- state called Athens was (and still is) the capital of Greece. This city-state however was different in both geography and culture. The differences in culture between Sparta and Athens were influenced by the differences in geography.
Looking across the sea of aisles in the marketplace, the color pink has become more than just another color. It has transcended its former position, becoming itself a symbol; a moral schema. No longer does the selling of pink Nike socks or pink Yoplait Yogurt cans depend on the month of October considered Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The color pink has become an advertiser’s dream, as the false idea of contributions being made through the purchasing of pink ribbon products towards the cure continues to grow exponentially, creating a perfect opportunity for companies to partner with breast cancer charities. Today, the lack of restriction on the use of the pink ribbon in the United States has caused its transformation from a symbol of awareness and support to a lucrative symbol. The final transformation of the ribbons cure-oriented intentions to its exploitation for profit exemplifies itself through the unfair appearance of contributions, the permutation of unrealistic proximity to the cure, as well as “pinkwashing”. Pinkwashing, explaine...
But the road to courage was much harder and darker. Spartans had a very military way of life, with marching, weaponry, and barracks for the boys to sleep in. What made them feared, hated, and, most importantly, respected by the world? How did they become the fearsome killing machines of Ancient Greece? The children were abused, starved, and tortured. But they were also strengthened and prepared for war. This is why Spartan childhood training was what made the Spartans so successful in the Ancient Greek Classical Age. They used harsh, but effective training methods, used well trained and educated warriors and trainers, taught successfully developed weapons and tactics, and put to use the training they were given as children in their daily lives.
What most people would see as a small insignificant city-state of Greece today, Sparta thousands of years ago was an extremely powerful civilization. It was extremely small compared to most countries and cities in the twenty-first century. However, Sparta still maintains its respect, as its historical impacts are of epic proportions. Modern culture still has influences from ancient Sparta and Greece. Movies like 300 glorify the Spartans, and have built a strong reputation of Spartan even though this was so long ago. Many sports teams use Spartans as their mascots, because Spartans symbolize strength, bravery, and courage. Why is this?
Sparta is the most formidable city known in history. Famous for her impressive military power, she proved that strength didn’t lie in numbers, it lay in Spartan discipline. Sparta started out as a small city fighting only to survive against enemy invaders. Her goal was to avoid defeat from other city-states and she very nearly succeeded in achieving it. Using self-denial, strong discipline and harsh training, Sparta focused almost all her attention on achieving her goal. Known as the ‘tamer of men’, her strength made all but Spartan men shrink in fear. However, Sparta did not wage war any more lightly then any other army, she simply waged it better. Despite the cold, military driven surface, Sparta often engaged in merriment. Festivals were celebrated with vigor, men were good to their families and their women were renowned for their beauty. Nevertheless, they always refused to become distracted from their purpose. Civil wars and ancient rivalries made it painfully clear that Sparta had no intention of allowing Athens or any other rival take over. However, she was still quite willing to join arms with the same rivals to fight off foreign invaders. When Greece was threatened by Persia, Sparta halted her competition with Athens and relentlessly fought back the enemy forces. After her triumph over the Persians, Sparta’s temporary peace with Athens was short-lived. The Greeks soon returned to their petty affairs. For 75 years Sparta and Athens fought for supremacy. Eventually, Sparta won, but in doing so she finally allowed all of Greece to witness her tragic flaw.
Spartans like most Greeks took pride in themselves. There was evidence of this given in the movie, during lecture, and in the reading of Lycurgus. It was the ability to do without fear that was held for the most honorable. The Spartans had an entire lifestyle from birth to manhood that easily showed who was the strongest and fittest. They took pride in being who they were. This was shown greatly in the movie from the women letting it be known that only they birth
Humans have always loved to mix and combine things weather it is for looks, tastes, and stories. These combinations have always been seen as an improvement until recently. Medical breakthroughs in the cloning industry have been raising more ethical questions than when it initially started. The main issue was playing God. The new issue now is where we draw the line. As of 2003 the first human-animal embryo was created in China at the Shanghai Second Medical University. The creation was a human-rabbit embryo. However the embryo was destroyed before stem cells and research could be collected and studied.
Spartans weren’t all that educated. They spent most of their time at war. They only learned to read and write, but all other forms of education were banned in Sparta. There was a lack of academics and independence. So, the strengths did not outweigh the weaknesses.
Many animals - including frogs, mice, sheep, and cows - had been cloned before Dolly. “Dolly the sheep was born in 1997: They take the nucleus of a cell from the original animal and inject it into an egg whose own nucleus has been removed”(Said Para 35) “From 277 cell fusions, 29 early embryos developed and were implanted into 13 surrogate mothers. But only one pregnancy went to full term, and the 6.6kg Finn Dorset lamb 6LLS (alias Dolly) was born after 148 days” (“Areas…”). Many other animals just like Dolly are cloned today and no one really cares because they are animals and do not matter. But the truth is that any living being is precious including plants as they breath just like humans do and hence they should not be cloned for experiments or any other kind of benefits.
The United Parcel Service is a global leader in shipping and logistics. UPS was founded in 1907 as the American Messenger Company with a value proposition that still holds true today: best service and lowest rates (UPS History, 2014). After rapid growth and mergers with competition, the company became the United Parcel Service in 1919. Throughout the next decades they continued to broaden their services and horizons. In 1953 they started offering two-day air service to major cities in the United States (UPS History, 2014). Another notable event occurred in 1975 when they obtained authorization to ship freely in all 48 contiguous states. Prior to this, some packages had to be transferred between several carriers before reaching their final destination. (UPS History, 2014) This undoubtedly created challenges in their operations and supply chain. Their ability to overcome this issue is just one example of their determination to be the best shipping company. To compete with some of its largest competitors, UPS started their Next-Day-Air service in 1982. In the late 1980s, they streamlined their air services with the creation of UPS Airlines. This has been an important component of their supply chain, especially with the use of the Computerized Operations Monitoring, Planning and Scheduling System (COMPASS). (UPS History, 2014) During the 1980s UPS also expanded their international services. The 1990s saw more advances in technology as well as services. UPS realized that they were in a strategic position to offer supply chain solutions. The UPS Logistics Group was formed in 1995 with the purpose of providing global supply chain management solutions and consulting services (UPS History, 2014). Over the last decade, UPS has continued to ...
The overall objective of the integrated supply chain is to integrate the functions of procurement, suppliers, and engineering. Supply chain integration is defined as: “Professionally managing suppliers and developing close working relationships with different internal groups.”1 Integrating these functions into a cohesive group can be complex, especially when dealing with the role of an outside supplier in a company’s supply chain. Once a company decides that they want to integrate their supply chain they must include the suppliers early in the process. In the case studies provided during the course there are examples in the Wal-Mart case study that highlight the benefits of using integrated suppliers into the core of their operations. Wal-Mart actually controls the inventory flow into their warehouses allowing them to manage their cross-docking operations, enabling them to carry little to know inventory storage overhead. While FedEx has suppliers that are integrated into their operations, they are at a much greater level integrated into other companies operations, as a transportation service provider. Integrating suppliers, procurement and engineering will allow a company to create a highly efficient supply chain that continuously eliminates waste.