Introduction
Classical physics is basics of all physics that says matter and energy are two distinct concepts according to newton’s law and theory of electromagnetic radiation. Classical physics is centred on these assumptions, position and momentum of particles can be calculated at any instant when it travels in a trajectory, the energy of a particle may adopt any arbitrary value and waves and particles are separate concepts. However classical physics failed to explain those assumptions on atomic scale because those assumptions made on macro scale which caused some big problems by end of 19th century. Nevertheless problems in classical physics resolvable by modern mechanics which known as quantum mechanics. [1, 2]
Black body radiation
When a black abject has temperature above zero Kelvin does not emits light at all wavelength but it gives out specific light which called blackbody radiation. Hot object emit electromagnetic radiation when atoms vibrates and electrons move around. Blackbody spectrum depends on temperature which means when temperature increases electrons move faster therefore more radiations derive out from black body. Classical physics fails to explain the form of blackbody spectrum. [3]Classical physics suggests when the frequency increases the energy density approach infinity but in fact when frequency increases density tends to decrease. Blackbody spectrum displays the peak of wavelength leans towards short wavelength therefore in high frequency shows short wavelength. [4]
Max Planck introduced Plank’s constant to describe that electromagnetic radiation is emitted in quanta. When an atom absorbs specific energy, an electron move to excited state and then move to the lower energy level by releasing energy. M...
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...m of particle. [9]
Conclusion
To conclude, classical and quantum mechanics have many similarity as well as differences. Classical mechanics solves the problem of system in the macroscopic scale whereas quantum mechanics solve the same problem in microscopic scale. At atomic/microscopic scale energy is quantised which means that energy cannot vary continuously, only in quanta. This suggests that is impossible to find the position and momentum of particle at any instant on the atomic scale. In addition it proves that particle cannot adopt any arbitrary value.
Worth to mention, quantum mechanics uses Planck’s constant in all the above equations to give a solution to the problem rise by classical physics. Planck’s constant is very small and only makes a difference about 34th decimal place however it gives a precise result not an average as Newton’s law suggests.
The novel, Alice and Quantum Land, by Robert Gilmore is an adventure in the Quantum universe. Alice, a normal teenage girl, goes through quantum land and understands what quantum is and how it works. The quantum world is a difficult one to understand, as its nature is one of complex states of being, natures, principles, notions, and the like. When these principles or concepts are compared with the macro world, one can find great similarities and even greater dissimilarities between the world wherein electrons rule, and the world wherein human beings live. In Alice in Quantumland, author Robert Gilmore converts the original tale of Alice in Wonderland from a world of anthropomorphic creatures into the minute world of quantum mechanics, and attempts to ease the reader into this confusing world through a series of analogies (which comprise an allegory) about the principles of quantum mechanics. Through Alice’s adventure she comes across some ideas or features that contradict real world ideas. These ideas are the following: Electrons have no distinguishing spin, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, Superposition, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and Interference and Wave Particle Duality.
Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity has had a colossal impact on the world and is the accepted physical theory reg...
The amazing transformation the study of physics underwent in the two decades following the turn of the 20th century is a well-known story. Physicists, on the verge of declaring the physical world “understood”, discovered that existing theories failed to describe the behavior of the atom. In a very short time, a more fundamental theory of the ...
In the 1920s the new quantum and relativity theories were engaging the attentions of science. That mass was equivalent to energy and that matter could be both wavelike and corpuscular carried implications seen only dimly at that time. Oppenheimer's early research was devoted in particular to energy processes of subatomic particles, including electrons, positrons, and cosmic rays. Since quantum theory had been proposed only a few years before, the university post provided him an excellent opportunity to devote his entire career to the exploration and development of its full significance. In addition, he trained a whole generation of U.S. physicists, who were greatly affected by his qualities of leadership and intellectual independence.
The author tells of how waves are effected by quantum mechanic. He also discusses the fact that electromagnetic radiation, or photons, are actually particles and waves. He continues to discuss how matter particles are also matter, but because of their h bar, is so small, the effects are not seen. Green concludes the quantum mechanics discussion by talking about the uncertainty principle.Chapter 5: The need for a New Theory: General Relativity vs.
Quantum Mechanics developed over many decades beginning as a set of controversial mathematical explanations of experiments that the math of classical mechanics could not explain. It began in the turn of the 20th century, a separate mathematical revolution in physics that describes the motion of things at high speeds. The origins of Quantum Mechanics cannot be credited to any one scientists. Multiple scientists contributed to a foundation of three revolutionary principles that gradually gained acceptance and experiment verification from 1900-1930 (Coolman). Quantum Mechanics is
The great Greek thinker Aristotle was born in 384 B.C. in Stagirus, a city in ancient Macedonia in northern Greece. At the age of eighteen Aristotle went to Athens to begin his studies at Plato's Academy. He stayed and studied at the Academy for nineteen years and in that time became both a teacher and an independent researcher. After Plato's death in 347 B.C. Aristotle spent twelve years traveling and living in various places around the Aegean Sea. It was during this time that Aristotle was asked by Philip of Macedon to be a private tutor to his son, Alexander. Aristotle privately taught Alexander for three years before he returned to Athens after Philip gained control of the Greek capital. During this period back in Athens Aristotle founded his own school, the Lyceum, where he taught for twelve years. In 323 B.C. Alexander the Great died and the Macedonians lost control of Athens. Aristotle was forced to leave and he died one year later in Chalcis, north of Athens, at the age of 62.
Of the many counter intuitive quirks of quantum mechanics, the strangest quirk is perhaps the notion of quantum entanglement. Very roughly, quantum entanglement a phenomenon where the state of a large system cannot be described by the state of the smaller systems that compose it. On the standard metaphysical interpretation of quantum entanglement, this is taken to show that there exists emergent properties1. If this standard interpretation is correct, it seems that physics paints a far different picture of the world then commonsense leads one to believe.
Modern science is based on material, experimental evidence, but if matter is non-material as the physicist's fundamental forces suggest, then it will not be able to explain what matter is. It can only explain how nature works by observing the effects on material objects. In his book In Search of Schrödinger's Cat ch. 8, Gribbin suggests the possibility that no particle is real until it is observed. The act of observation collapses the wave function so that one of a number of ghost particles becomes a real particle. This idea has similarities with idealism and its appearance and reality arguments. Gribbin does not take the argument forward so let us consider the philosophical arguments instead of the physics.
Stemming from the first years of the 20th century, quantum mechanics has had a monumental influence on modern science. First explored by Max Planck in the 1900s, Einstein modified and applied much of the research in this field. This begs the question, “how did Einstein contribute to the development and research of quantum mechanics?” Before studying how Einstein’s research contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, it is important to examine the origins of the science itself. Einstein took much of Planck’s experimental “quantum theory” research and applied it in usable ways to existing science. He also greatly contributed to the establishment of the base for quantum mechanics research today. Along with establishing base research in the field, Einstein’s discoveries have been modified and updated to apply to our more advanced understanding of this science today. Einstein greatly contributed to the foundation of quantum mechanics through his research, and his theories and discoveries remain relevant to science even today.
Werner Heisenberg was the first to realize that certain pairs of measurements have an intrinsic uncertainty associated with them. For instance, if you have a very good idea of where something is located, then, to a certain degree, you must have a poor idea of how fast it is moving or in what direction. We don't notice this in everyday life because any inherent uncertainty from Heisenberg's principle is well within the acceptable accuracy we desire. For example, you may see a parked car and think you know exactly where it is and exactly how fast it is moving. But would you really know those things exactly? If you were to measure the position of the car to an accuracy of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter, you would be trying to measure the positions of the individual atoms which make up the car, and those atoms would be jiggling around just because the temperature of the car was above absolute zero!
Other than the wavelengths of visible light, there are other wavelengths which our eye is unable to see. Infrared is one example that can be felt by skin. Infrared light causes the temperatures of things to rise. It is owing to this particular wavelength rays which cause the rise in temperature of earth and atmosphere in general.
Sir Isaac Newton is the man well known for his discoveries around the term, Motion. He came up with three basic ideas, called Newton’s three laws of motion.
Application such as the sun emits most of its radiation in the visible range which our eyes recognize as the color of rainbow.
Light can be classified as a form of electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light. The ‘light’ commonly referred to in everyday life belongs in this category. The electromagnetic spectrum includes other types of radiation such as gamma rays, radio waves and cosmic rays, all of which possess distinct wavelengths, frequencies and energy levels. These forms of electromagnetic radiation are not visible to the human eye but can be perceived by selected species of animals, such as bees. Figure 1 below displays the electromagnetic spectrum and provides a basic insight into the respective characteristics of different forms of radiation.