Christopher Columbus Chapter 1 Outline

Tumaris Hone

Chapter 1 Outline: The Collision Of Cultures

Introduction

1492 C. Columbus did not discover the Americas

Crucial European meeting with American civilizations in 15 Cen. A.D.

Effect of Spanish and Portuguese settlement was large.

-Disease: Smallpox

Fights prevailed in the 19 century.

Civilizations significantly improved in productivity and efficiency

I. America Before Columbus

1. Archeological evidence provides information about the early people of the Americas.

a. Artifacts

b. Prevailed for many millenia.

A.The Peoples of the Precontact Americas

1. “Clovis” People

Migrants came from the north(cold) to the south.

Stone/hunting tools allowed for migrations.

Scholars believe

the migrants relate to a mongolian stock( “Clovis” people)
2. New evidence reveals not all migrations used the Bering Strait.
3. Evidence suggests that some of the first South Americans came using boats and shows ability to travel long distances across oceans.
4. Population in early Americas were diverse.
5. European and African migrations to the Americas is probable.
6. “Archaic Period”
8000 B.C. early America.
Hunting and gathering came into play along with stone tools
Earliest people hunted bison.
Populations eventually began to create more complex tools.
i. nets/hooks/traps/baskets
e. Significant farm crop: corn.
B. The growth of Civilizations: The South
1. Several civilizations flourished in the South.
South and Central America/Mexico.
2. Biggest empire belonged to the Incas in Peru.
Center: Cuzco 15 century.
Leaders of smaller tribes in W. South America joined Inca.
Empire consisted of administrative systems and roads.
3. Olmec
1st complex civilization.
4. Mayan
800 A.D Central America and Yucatan peninsula of Mexico
Society consisted of written language, a number system, complex agricultural ability, and exceptional calendar.
Significant trade routes.
5. Aztec
1300 A.D. Aztec center: Tenochtitlan (central Mexico).
1500: 100,000 Population.
Consisted of aqueducts, schools, military, medics, and slaves.
With the tribute system, Aztecs had control nearly all of central Mexico and farther.
Tribute lands withheld high independence.
6. Meso-American civilizations primarily in North and Central America flourished.
C. The Civilizations of the North
1. Land above Mexico was unable to attain the height of civilizations as Incas.
2. Northern Regions: fishing, hunting, and gathering societies emerged.
3. Diverse and Complex civilizations rose.
4. Most North American civilizations were based on agriculture.
Southwest: irrigation systems established for dry areas.
Towns became trade centers.
5. Woodland Indians inhabited the United States filled with forests.
6. Other regions weren’t as nomadic as the Northwest.
7.Mississippi tribes were somewhat connected by common language roots.
Largest linguistic group: Algonquian.
Iroquois consists of 5 “nations” .
D.Tribal Cultures
1. Natives underwent an agricultural revolution.
2. Tribes began to create efficient clothing, shelter, and food.
3. Population rose.
4. Culture/ religion came into place.
5. Natives valued gods linked to nature like rivers and forests.
Human sacrifice was an important element of religion.
Religious rituals established.
6. Woman roles included nurturing children/ cooking.
In some tribes woman worked in the fields/ men hunted.
Woman had some power within families.
II. Europe Looks Westward
1. Before 15 cent. America's existence was unknown.
2. 500-1500 A.D Europe had many provinces and was not seeking exploration.
3. 15 century need for adventure/exploration rose.
A. Commerce and Nationalism
1. Population grew in 15 cen and commerce Rose.
After the Black plague, land values increased allowing for commerce.
Rulers longed for goods in other regions, allowing trade to heighten.
Shipbuilding advanced and markets/ trade routes were established.
2. Unity within the government rose.
In Western Europe, the Emperor and pope lost a lot of power.
Powerful monarchs allowed for nations and armies to centralize.
3. Because maritime ability heightened, finding fast routes to Asia became a goal.
4. Portuguese were first to explore.
Prince Henry the Navigator desired to spread Catholicism in Africa.
1486 Dias went around Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama 1498 made his way around to India.
1500 Pedro Cabral found himself on the coast of Brazil.
B. Christopher Columbus
1.Columbus wished to sail west to get to Asia.
2.He thought crossing Atlantic was not a very long voyage.
3.Portuguese were more advanced than the Spanish were in terms of sailing.
4.Isabelle of Castile approved of Columbus’s voyage 1492.
Reached Bahamas and took several natives back to Europe.
Second expedition was headed to the Caribbean.
1498 he traveled along North coast of South America.
5. Voyages/exploration launched partially due to religion.
Need to spread Christianity as a “messenger” of god.
6. Due to Columbus, Spain increased maritime exploration and surpassed portugal.
7. Magellan
His expedition was known to be the first to circumnavigate the earth.
1550, Spanish discovered North American coast, up to Oregon and some areas within the continent.
C. The Conquistadores
1. Spanish believed all of the New World was theirs except for Brazil.
2. 1518 Cortes took over the Aztecs
Smallpox spread destroying majority of Aztec population.
Silver attracted many conquerors from Spain.
3. Hernando de Soto
1539-1541 eager to find gold he became the 1st white to cross Mississippi rv.
D. Spanish America
1.A large Spanish empire was established in the New World.
2. Age of exploration, age of conquest, 1570s: Spanish laws emerged(Ordinances of Discovery).
3. 16 century Spanish American mines held large amounts of silver/gold.
Allowed Spain to be the wealthiest and strongest country.
4. Others traveled to the New World for reasons.
Looked to create agricultural economy.
Spread Catholicism/European presence.
Ferdinand and Isabella made sure Catholicism was the one and only religion in the New World.
5. Commerce and Military emerged, along with Catholic missionaries.
Main goal: convert Natives to Catholicism.
Presidios were military bases that protected Missions.
1540s religion became the most important reason to travel west.
6. Priest/friars came into contact with natives.
7. The Catholic Church expanded South and Central America, as well as Mx and SW of the US.
E. Northern Outposts
1.St. Augustine
US’s 1st Established Settlement
Spanish fort in St. Augustine, Fl
Military outpost/center of administration
2. 1598 Don Juan de Onate
Took over Pueblo Indian’s land.
Spanish migrants colonized in New Mexico.
Onate provided encomedias to the Spanish.
i. Provide labor and tribute.
d. 1609 Settlers discovered Santa Fe.
e. 1606 Onate’s cruelity allowed him to be overthrown as governor.
3. Pueblo and Spanish relationship got better.
Many converted to Christiantity due to Spanish missionaries
Some traded with the Spanish.
Population grew.
i. 1680 2,000 SPanish and 30,000 Pueblos.
d. Economy depended on cattle and sheep.
4. 1680 Pueblo’s Revolt
The banding of tribal rituals caused Pueblos to rebel.
1660s-1670s Spanish priests found rituals unable to mix with Chritistianty.
Instability from Apache raid caused more disocontent.
1696 Spanish destoryed Pueblo’s last revolt.
5. Spanish granted Pueblos the right to own land and tried to emerse them into Christian customs.
6. Europeans and Indians gradually married one another.
7. 1750 Pueblo population reduced.
i. Disease.
ii. War and migration.
F. The Empire at High Tide
1. Spanish Empire was the largest in the 16 century.
Caribbean islands/South American coasts, as well as, extending west and south of S.

America.

Including Mexico and Suthern N. America.

i. Argentina, Peru, and Chile.

ii. Brazil came under Spanish control briefly.

c. Spanish governement established its precence in the New World communities.

d. Spanish economy relied on gold and silver.

2. Royal Power in the New World.

To prevent piracy, control over trade came into play.

All trade must enter only one Spanish port.

3. Dutch, Engish, and French longed to permanently live family life in the New World.

4. European population continued to be small compared to natives in Spanish America.

5. Spanish created a small class of rulers over the large population.

G. Biological and Cultural Exchanges

1. European customs did not completley immerse with the natives.

2. Exchange between Americans and Europeans grew rapidly, some were “demographic catastrophes.”

i. Disease wiped out large Native populations.

ii. Natives in the Caribbean islands and in Mexico were wiped out in the 1st 50 years.

3. Conquistador's brutality contributed to Native’s extermination.

i. Believed Natives were “savages” and

barbaric.
4. Europeans provided new crops to the Americas and domestic animals.
5. Europeans learned productive agricultural techniques.
6. Discovered maize and it became a crucial staple crop.
7. Natives learned Spanish and Portuguese languages.
8. There were more European men than women, therefore sexual contact with natives was high.
9. Racial Hierarchy
Top: Spanish
Bottom: Natives and mixed races in between.
10. Various labor systems rose.
Many Natives became slaves.
Some entered a wage system.
Many settlers were eager to take over Natives than land, in hope to attain labor force.
H. Africa and America
1. Many men in Africa who became slaves came from Guinea.
African Culture spread throughout the Americas.
Guinea and Mediterranean peoples contacted one another.
i. Traded ivory, slaves for goods.
ii. Became Islamic.
2. After Ghana fell in 1100 A.D. Mali prevailed into the 15 cen.
Timbuktu became the center of trade and education.
3. SOuthern Africans were decentralized, with no big empire.
4. African societies established economies.
Economy in Guinea: fishing, rice agriculture
South: wheat/fishing.
5. African civilizations were matrilineal.
6. When two marry, the man goes to his wife’s family.
7. Woman traded and took care of the house/children.
8. Politics was divided by gender: woman dealt with female issues.
9. Tribal chiefs were men, but sometimes female.
10. Islam in Africa
Southern Empire of Mali were polytheistic.
Many worshipped their ancestors.
Most important rulers were usually the elders.
11. African hierarchy.
Top: Nobles,elites, and priests.
Middle:Farmers, artisans, and traders.
Below: Slaves from war, their children were free however.
12. African slave trade
8 cen A.D. the Mediterranean purchased slaves from West Africa.
16 cen slave market grew exceptionally large.
i. Due to Europeans’ need for a labor force to produce sugar.
c. Main slave traders were spanish after the portuguese, but the Dutch took over most.
d. However, the English completely ruled the slave market in the 18 cen.
III. The Arrival of the English
1.John Cabot
1497 Cabot came to the NE coast of N. America
King Henry the 7th sponsored his trip.
Cabot failed to find the northwest passage.
A. The Commercial Incentive
1. English viewed to establish an “ideal community” in the New World.
2. Need for wool grew and landowners converted from crops to sheep.
i. Wool trade increased.
3. Government laws included stopping enclosures and care for the poor.
4. Enclosure Movement
Few farmers could be reemployed.
Reducing cultivation reduced the ability to provide food for the large population.
5. Merchant capitalist grew.
Muscovy company 1555.
Levant Company 1581.
Investors made big profit.
Need to expand the trade allowed a new economy to emerge: mercantilism.
i. The whole nation played the main role in the economy not the sole individuals.
ii. 17 cen. Mercantilism allow for merchant capitalist to rise in control.
6. Mercantilism heightened in England due to wool production/trade.
i. 1550s wool trade fell, and England turned to colonization in order to establish their profit.
ii. Richard Hakluyt believed colonization would develop markets and decrease poverty.
B. Religious Incentive
1. The Protestant Reformation
1517 Germany: Martin Luther believed the Roman Catholic Church was not doing its proper duties.
Luther believed the Bible portrays God’s will not the Church.
Schism was created in 1520s.
2. Calvinism
Calvin believed everyone was predestined before birth.
France Huguenots and English Puritans believed in such predestination.
3. English Reformation
1529 King Henry the VIII created the Anglican Church and made him head of it.
Due to refusal of divorce.
Became known as Church of England, many still had faith in the pope.
Puritans thought that there needed to be more changes in theology and fled to the New World.
Many Puritans declined separatism.
i. Desired to decrease the authority of bishops.
4. King James I thought he ruled by divine right.
5. Religious discontent served as a reason to flee and colonize in the New World.
C. The English in Ireland
1. England had control over Ireland, Dublin.
1560s-1570s English colonists captured land in Ireland.
Irish were believed to be barbaric and English saw to destroy or isolate their kind.
Contact with Irish allowed English to believe English settlements should be separate from the native settlements in the New World.
2. English attempted to build a society away from natives.
D. The French and Dutch in America
1.Spanish ships endangered English's’ need to settle in the New World.
2. Spanish did not colonize much of North america though.
3. The French however were the biggest opponent in colonizing North America.
16 cen. Quebec 1608 was 1st French settlement.
French made close contact and relations with the Natives in the interior of N. America.
Coureurs de bois- fur traders became part of the French economy.
4. Big fur traders were the Algonquins and Hurons
5.

Efficiency in trading depended on the relationship between French and Indians.

6. Dutch came to North America as well.

Holland became independent from Spain.

Merchant fleet was large and traders exchanged goods in Asia Europe and Africa.

7. Henry Hudson

Sailed up to New York

His expedition allowed for permanent Dutch presence.

Dutch traded furs.

Ports emerged on the Hudson Delaware in 1624 by the Dutch West India Company.

8. New Amsterdam

Colony of New established.

Population distinct but small.

E. The First English Settlements

1. First English colony in Jamestown 1607.

2. SIr Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships to portray English sea power.

3. Philip II

Spanish and Portuguese nation united

Desired to destroy English power in sea commerce.

Spanish Armada was stopped

4. Gilbert got the right to settle and colonize in the New World.

He found Newfoundland in 1583.

F. Roanoke

1.Raleigh explored coast of North America and discovered Roanoke.

Raleigh named the mainland “Virginia”

1585 settlers in Roanoke disappeared.

1603 James I ruled the throne and accused Raleigh of treason.

2. 17 cen. London merchants recolonized Virginia.

3. 1606 James I developed a charter dividing America.

Conclusion
The Americas inhabited many people before European arrival.
Natives before Columbus spread throughout the two continent and created civilizations.
Incas, Mayans and Aztecs were the largest civilizations.
A few million resided North of Mexico.
War and disease gradually destroyed native populations.
Spanish and Indians combined some social customs and intermarried.
17 century English, Dutch, and French came to colonize most of North America.