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Patriarchy English literature
Patriarchy in literature
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Christa Wolf tells a tale about a woman, Cassandra, the story’s narrator, a princess of Troy in Anatolia, a seer, and a priestess of the god Apollo. In many ways, this is both a feminist and an anti-war novel. The struggle between patriarchy and matriarchy was present throughout the story and can still correlate in some ways today. The whole story is seen and experienced through a women’s eyes which gives a different perspective of war and why it is prominent. This idea parallels the position of many women in Wolf’s time, showing how they were dominated and suppressed. Apollo gave Cassandra the gift of being able to see the future but since she turned down his advances, she was cursed with the notion that nobody believes her prophesies. Cassandra …show more content…
ultimately feared his gift and the insight it gave her. Instead of the traditional “heroic” narrative of most epics, she shows a different side to societies and how they should be dedicated to life rather than killing. This expectation of society is high and doesn’t seem to be possible based off of past events and history. This way of life can, however, be seen by a women narrator who is willing to defy the premises underlying the patriarchal tradition and overcome her fear of the new knowledge she possesses. In this story, Cassandra wants her people to understand the truth. Since she has the gift of prophecy, she eventually found out that Helen was not in Troy because the king of Egypt had taken Helen from Paris once Paris had stolen her from Menelaus. Once Cassandra realized that, she told her people, "We are lost! ... Trojans, there is no Helen!" (p. 69) Helen not being in Troy is important because, if Helen is not there, then they are fighting a war with no true existing motive and for no good reason. Now, the Trojans will have no way of ending the war because they will not be able to give Helen back as a peace offering. Another truth Cassandra wants her people to understand is exactly how much women are being used in society as pawns just like Helen is being used as an excuse to start a war.
But beyond the problem with Helen, Cassandra wants her people to understand just how much the war has affected her society. The kingdom of Troy used to have a balance between matriarchy and patriarchy. For example, Queen Hecuba and King Priam used to participate in the government together. However, since the war started, Priam doesn’t allow Hecuba to meet with the council. Most narratives of this time were told by a male’s perspective, which focuses on heroism and war like the story of Agamemnon. Cassandra shows a light through a female’s eyes which explains the more rational, humanism version of what is going on beyond the war. Since Overall, it can be said that one of Cassandra's main goals during the Trojan War was to expose all truths about her society concerning the motive for the war and society's treatment of women. Although this caused a lot of fear in her, she admires the equality between male and female power in Trojan society too much to not face the truth she knew. Cassandra saw war as mostly a patriarchal act, shifting the balance of power to men and societal norms away from the feminine virtues of community to the masculine ones of
conflict.
The Trojan War is one of the most known battle or war in history, if not the most known. It was a very, very long war, but there was one main source or reason of conflict that drove it to last so long, it seemed endless. Paris, a Trojan prince, was promised a wife as fair as the goddess of beauty by Aphrodite herself. The particular woman she promised was already married to a Greek King by the name of Menelaus. This started not only tension between the Greeks and Trojans but also anger because they were recently married.Helen should have returned to the Greeks for a few reasons that could have led to a shorter war, or even no war.First off, Greek King Menelaus is her rightfully wedded husband. The war would have been totally prevented if a couple of decisions were better made. Finally, she never really was in love with Paris. It was all manipulated by Aphrodite.
In Francesca Lia Block’s Wolf, displays a young girl struggle to over come and admit to escape her abusive home life. Throughout time women have struggled to escape the gruesome home life that they have to go through. Whether that be from the struggles of rape of men throwing them self on to the women, or from an abusive relationship in that man beating them. Although Block story is about the little girl story of overcoming the abusive relationship the little girl believes in so much more than that. Within the passage in the Wolf where the little girl discusses how she is not a victim by nature which represents block’s fear of women being blamed for being in abusive relationship. Throughout all of the passages she displays this courage to face the man and to protect her mother from every thing that she has to go through.
Clytemnestra has the ten years of the Trojan War to plan her revenge on Agamemnon. Upon his return Clytemnestra shows him some love. That love she showed quickly changes to rage and hatred when Clytemnestra she’s Agamemnon with his mistress Cassandra.
For the Greeks, Homer's Odyssey was much more than just an entertaining tale of gods, monsters, and men, it served as cultural paradigm from which every important role and relationship could be defined. This book, much more so than its counter part The Iliad, gives an eclectic view of the Achean's peacetime civilization. Through Odyssey, we gain an understanding of what is proper or improper in relationships between father and son, god and mortal, servant and master, guest and host, and--importantly--man and woman. Women play a vital role in the movement of this narrative. Unlike in The Iliad, where they are chiefly prizes to be won, bereft of identity, the women of Odyssey are unique in their personality, intentions, and relationship towards men. Yet, despite the fact that no two women in this epic are alike, each--through her vices or virtues-- helps to delineate the role of the ideal woman. Below, we will show the importance of Circe, Calypso, Nausicaa, Clytaemestra, and Penelope in terms of the movement of the narrative and in defining social roles for the Ancient Greeks.
...ow Greek civilization was founded by women; they were the ones who gave birth to the heroes. Similarly, The Odyssey is a story created by women. The plot revolves around the actions of women. Athena orchestrates all the events. The seductresses, such as Circe, the sirens, and Calypso, attempt to stop Odysseus from reaching home. The helpmeets, such as Nausicaa, Arete, and Athena, aid Odysseus in his homecoming. The wise and virtuous Penelope is the object of Odysseus’ quest. Unlike Helen who forsakes her husband, Penelope remains faithful. Unlike Clytemnestra who assassinates her husband, Penelope patiently waits for Odysseus. She becomes a model of female patience and of female intelligence. Her craftiness is the only one which can match up to Odysseus’. The Odyssey presents a wide array of women and demonstrates the influence that women have in the life of a hero.
Due to traditional stereotypes of women, literature around the world is heavily male-dominant, with few female characters outside of cliché tropes. Whenever a female character is introduced, however, the assumption is that she will be a strong lead that challenges the patriarchal values. The authors of The Thousand and One Nights and Medea use their female centered stories to prove their contrasting beliefs on the role of women not only in literature, but also in society. A story with a female main character can be seen as empowering, but this is not always the case, as seen when comparing and contrasting Medea and The Thousand and One Nights.
The Iliad by Homer and the Women of Troy by Euripides are both Greek works of literature that look at the Trojan War from different perspectives. Book 6 of the Iliad illustrates that the ultimate glory is to fight for the city with no regard to the impact on the family. The Women of Troy focuses on the negatives that war causes, especially towards the soldier’s wives and children. Whereas the Iliad focuses on the battle itself and centers on the warriors, the Women of Troy focuses on the wrath the war brings upon the families left behind. The central theme in both the works is the Trojan War and they both offer perspectives of the duty of a person, the role of predetermined fate, and the role of women.
In Aeschylus’s, Agamemnon, there is a great possibility that the death of Agamemnon could have been prevented, had the Chorus simply listened to Cassandra’s prophecy. But the words spoken between the two parties seem to have loss it’s meaning when it fell upon the Chorus; yet, they were obviously hearing what she was saying. But while they were hearing what she had to say, they did not listen to her words. Ironically, in this story, it is the women who posses all the knowledge. But once they try to share it, the men, who later suffer the consequence, ignore them. People only listen to what they want to hear, and a woman’s word is not considered important enough to listen to.
In the era of Homer, women played a very specific role in society, and even in literature. Women of this time were basically put in a box, and expected to never step out of line. If they did go against the arbitration of men, then they were faced with serious consequences. However, female characters play a huge role in both aiding, and delaying Odysseus’s journey home. I will proceed to analyze, and interpret the actions and intentions of every major female character in The Odyssey.
"Cassandra" begins with Cassandra's description. She is described as a prisoner of war might look, "soiled" (4), "devastated" (6-7) and "camp-fucked" (12), rather than marble smooth and serene, as one might expect a classical Greek figure to appear. Heaney focuses on her appearance and describes her clothing, "her little breasts" and the state of her head in lines four through ten. It is not until he gets to line 11, though, that he comments on what may have happened to her as a prisoner of the Trojan War. "Camp-fucked," with its feel of sexual violence, implies that, along with physical abuse and enslavement, Cassandra has endured rape as well (12). In lines eight through thirteen, Heaney chooses words, such as "punk," "char-eyed" and "gawk" to illustrate succinctly Cassandra's position in the House of Atreus: she is an alien, traumatized by the destruction she has witnessed and stunned to awkwardness by her descent from princess of Troy to slave of Mycenae.
The Role of Women in Greek Mythology In learning about the feminist movement, we studied the three articles, discussed and reviewed the different authors perspectives on the topic, and learned how important the role of woman in Greek mythology is. In presenting the feminist theory to the class, we analyzed the three articles, Women in Ancient Greece; Women in Antiquity: New Assessments; and Women in Greek Myth, and discussed how although the three articles provided different views on Feminism in mythology, they all essentially are aiming to teach the same basic concept. In order to understand the feminist theory, we have to understand the notion that although myths are invented and that they involve fantasy, the concept of mythology does not necessarily imply that there is no truth of history in them. Some of the humans may have lived while some of the events may have taken place. Most importantly, the social customs and the way of life depicted in the myths are a valuable representation of Greek society.
In the excerpt “Cassandra” by Florence Nightingale, Nightingale directs the passage toward the tragic condition in which women lived in the nineteenth century. In the excerpt, the character “Cassandra” is compared to those women of Ancient Greek. In comparing the ancient Greek prophet in which was forbidden to say what she wished to an audience of disbelief, just as Cassandra struggled to be heard during the Victorian Era. (Shaddock)
Cassandra was the most beautiful daughter of Priam and Hecuba’s daughters. As Cassandra grew older Apollo forced her to love him and as a gift he have her prophecy. However, Cassandra refuses to love him and Apollo became furious. Apollo, out of anger, curses her with always telling the truth and prophecy but no one believes what she says. When the Trojan War breaks out the she predicts the taking of Troy with the Trojan Horse. No one believes a word she says. During the taking of Troy, Cassandra hides in Athena’s temple but is later found and raped by Ajax. Later on in the war her father throws her into a chamber and locks her away because he believes she is too distracting, a terrible daughter, a liar and, a horrible person to
Women were often subjects of intense focus in ancient literary works. In Sarah Pomeroy’s introduction of her text Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves, she writes, “Women pervade nearly every genre of classical literature, yet often the bias of the author distorts the information” (x). It is evident in literature that the social roles of women were more restricted than the roles of men. And since the majority of early literature was written by men, misogyny tends to taint much of it. The female characters are usually given negative traits of deception, temptation, selfishness, and seduction. Women were controlled, contained, and exploited. In early literature, women are seen as objects of possession, forces deadly to men, cunning, passive, shameful, and often less honorable than men. Literature reflects the societal beliefs and attitudes of an era and the consistency of these beliefs and attitudes toward women and the roles women play has endured through the centuries in literature. Women begin at a disadvantage according to these societal definitions. In a world run by competing men, women were viewed as property—prizes of contests, booty of battle and the more power men had over these possessions the more prestigious the man. When reading ancient literature one finds that women are often not only prizes, but they were responsible for luring or seducing men into damnation by using their feminine traits.
Among the hundreds of human characters in Homer’s epic poem Iliad, there are only a few women. Each woman plays an integral role in the story about the Trojan War, yet they do not significantly change the course of events. The function of these women is to illuminate the character of the men around them by providing a domestic perspective to add additional dimensions to the men beyond their roles as just war fighters.