Child Labor
In 1900, there were 1.75 million child workers in the United States alone, that was 18 percent of all American workers at the time. In southern cotton mills 25 percent of the employees were below the age of fifteen, with half of them being below the age of 3 (History.com). Child Labor is the the use of children in industry or business when considered illegal or inhumane. Child Labor is a social issue that was at its peak during the Industrial Revolution and still occurs today, but has declined drastically over the years due to the unions against it and laws put in affect.
The Industrial Revolution was an important time in the United States, but it costed many children to sacrifice their childhood. With the booming industries
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there was a need for workers, but working in tight spaces, companies trying to save money, and families desperate for money caused the occurence of child labor.( Where) The new supply of child workers was matched by a tremendous expansion of American industry in the last quarter of the nineteenth century that increased the jobs suitable for children.
The two factors led to a rise in the percentage of children ten to fifteen years of age who were gainfully employed. Although the official figure of 1.75 million significantly understates the true number, it indicates that at least 18 percent of these children were employed in 1900.(History)
Many factories and mines hired children, because they were able to fit in smaller spaces and the factories could pay them less. They also hired children, because children were easier to control. During this time it was just common for kids to work; most people were okay with child labor at the time. “In colonial America, child labor was not a subject of controversy. It was an integral part of the agricultural and handicraft economy. Children not only worked on the family farm but were often hired out to other farmers
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(History). Children in the Industrial Revolution had many different jobs including mining, farming, sewing, and running machinery. Each job had its own risks and different working conditions. Reformers often tried to help with these risks and poor conditions, but their was no real effect until unions formed. The unions tried to get laws in affect to end child labor, but child laborn still affects millions of children around the world. In 1904 the National Child Labor Committee formed. The National Labor Committee was a strong national campaign for there to be laws put in place for child labor. Another group was the American Federation of Labor which was a national federation of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in May 1886.(Wikipedia) The childrens workdays would usually be ten to fourteen hours long with minimal breaks (Eastern Illinois University).
They would often get one one hour break for lunch, but recieved no time for breakfast, dinner, or going to the bathroom. The children would often have to walk to work, and it would be difficult for them to walk home after 14 hours of work. The amount of time that the children worked made it impossible for them to recieve an education or have any recreational time.The lack of education that these children recieved is shown in this quote by Furman Owens who is 12-years-old, can't read, and doesn't know his A,B,C's. He said, "Yes I want to learn but can't when I work all the time." In 1832 the New England Assosiation said that “Children should not be allowed to labor in the factories from morning till night, without any time for healthy recreation and mental culture,” for it “endangers their . . . well-being and health”(Continue to
Learn). Not only were these kids forced to work long hours, but they were also working in horrible conditions. Children in factories used large, heavy, and dangerous equipment, which caused many injuries and deaths. These conditions didn’t improve until the Factory Act of 1833. The Factory act of 1833 forced each factory to have four factory inspectors in the factories to enforce the laws and required children to go to two hours of school each day (National Archives). The children also recieved horrible treatment from their bosses. They would beat them, verbally abuse them, and take no consideration for their safety. Both boys and girls who worked in factories were subject to beatings and other forms of harm. One common punishment for being late or not working up to quota would be to be "weighted." An overseer would tie a heavy weight to a worker's neck, and have them walk up and down the factory aisles so the other children could see them and "take example."(Needham) Even after enduring long hours and horrible conditions the workers were earning less than a dollar a day(Unicef). Usually the older the child was the more they were paid, the younger children would even go unpaid sometimes. Like the younger children, orpans were taken advantage of. Some orphans were never paid, because the factory owners justified what they were doing by giving them food, shelter, and clothing, which were all below the standard. The orphans were usually treated like slaves due to the fact that the owners knew they wouldn’t leave,because they had no other place to go, due to the fact that there were no orphanages at the time. There were often children as young as the age of three working in the factories and the younger children endured some of the harshest conditions(History) "They [boys of eight years] used to get 3d [d is the abbreviation for pence] or 4d a day. Now a man's wages is divided into eight eighths; at eleven, two eighths; at thirteen, three eighths; at fifteen, four eighths; at twenty, a man's wages about 15s [shillings]."(Needham) The increase of Child labor in the United States and United Kingdom was due to the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution raised the need for workers, and the owners were more willing to hire children, because it was cheaper. Many families moved from farming, rural areas to booming cities in the hope for more money and a better life, but they were shocked to learn the realities of what was happening in the bigger cities. There were also immigrants searching for jobs at the time, and none of these workers were making fair wages which made it needed for everyone in the family to work.(Eastern Illinois Universty) In the United States there were many advocates for ending child labor such as Grace Abbott, Lewis Hine, and Jane Addams. Grace Abbott was born into a family of activists. When she wasyounger she was involved with political and social issues. Her mother had helped with the Underground Railroad and the woman suffrage movement, and her father was a leader in politics. Grace joined the Department of Labor in 1917. There she was assigned to the Children's Bureau, a division that investigated issues related to child welfare and wrote the first federal law restricting child labor. Grace was leading the Children's Bureau in 1921 and led the campaign for a constitutional amendment limiting child labor. The amendment was never ratified, but the amendment helped the New Deal legislation regulate working conditions and set regulations for children under the age of sixteen. Another advocate who made an impact for ending child labor was Jane Addams. While Jane Addams was in London she discovered the Toynbee Hall, the world's first settlement house. This was the inspiration that lead her to fight for children’s rights, help the poor, and to become the first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Addams then came back to Chicago and founded the Hull House in 1889. The purpose of the Hull house was, “...to provide a center for a higher civic and social life; to institute and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises and to investigate and improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago”(Nobel Prize). "At the center's first Christmas party, Addams was surprised when several little girls refused the candy she offered them. The girls, she discovered, worked long hours in a candy factory." This motivated Addams and others at Hull House to push for the establishment of child labor laws.(Eastern Illinois University)
The factory whistle blows right in the middle of your favorite dream. You wake up in a startle as you glance at the clock. 5:30 am. You rush to get out of bed, seeing that you have to get to work in 30 minutes. You splash some water on your face, brush your teeth, put on some fine factory clothes, pull your hair back, grab an apple and run as fast as a gazelle. The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negatives on the lives of adults and children during that time period.
The kids under the age of fourteen were sent to go assist with the textile workers. They then would beat and verbally abuse the child. And if children would show up late, they would be weighted. Weighted means to put a very heavy weight on the child's back and have them walk up and down the factory aisles for hours, so other children can learn from it. This then resulted in back and neck injuries. (“Child Labor in Factories”) While this all seems really cruel, there were many positives that came out of child labor. Children were still able to contribute to their families. Money was a big struggle, and it had a major impact for poor families. Children were also getting a wide range of opportunities and work experiences for the future ahead. Although it might not be the best way to get experience, they were still helping out there families and showing respect towards them. This shows that during the Industrial Revolution, children were used harshly for labor, and the positives and negatives out of
Many businesses and factories hired children because they were easier to exploit; they could be paid less for more work in dangerous conditions. Plus, their small size made many children idea for working with small parts or fitting into small spaces. Children as young as four could be found working in factories, though most were between eight and twelve. Despite the economic gains made by the business that employed them, many children suffered in the workplace. The industrial setting caused many health problems for the children that, if they lived long enough, they would carry with them for the rest of their lives. Children were also more likely to face accidents in the workplace, often caused by fatigue, and many were seriously injured or killed. Despite efforts by reformers to regulate child labor, it wasn’t until the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 that children under 14 were prohibited from
Child Labor. The 1890 census showed that more than one million children, ages ten to fifteen, were working in America. By 1910, that number increased to two million (Davis). Children as young as five could be found in glass making factories, canneries and home industries. Their workday could be as long as eighteen hours and would only get paid a fraction of what an adult would. Yetta Adelman, a Polish garment worker said “I was twelve years old but I wasn’t. Compared to a child [born] here in the United States, I was twenty (McGerr 18).”
Similarly, the change towards a factory-orientated nation was a harsh one for the industrialists. Many of the adult labor force had no training in how to use the machines and took awhile to pick up the new techniques (Basu and Van, 1998). It was more time consuming and costly to teach the adults than it was to hire children during this start of the revolution. Children could be molded into the ideal adult worker as they rose through the ranks in the factory. Studies indicate that about 50% of workers started working in the factories when they were less then ten years of age, from this overall amount 28% of these child workers started working when they were under the age of fourteen, while only 7.8% of workers started working in the textiles from the age of twenty- one or higher (Nardinelli, 1980). The aging of the generation of child factory workers improved the quality of adult factory workers and created a reserve pool of adults with factory experience. This pool of adults was particularly significant for men. As a child worker, they were exposed to many different positions and so learned a great deal amount of experience. Not only were the children fulfilling the basic factory needs but were creating a more work experienced labor force for the future. No longer where adults having to learn how to use machinery when entering the factory market but instead had worked in a textile during their childhood so had already obtained the human capital needed to work. The factory would then profit off of this future human capital and so keep on employing the massive amount of children in order to better themselves for the future while at the same time reaping the present value of cheap labor. With the underlying factors of cheap labor, inexpensive working conditions, and an ever-present labor market full of willing children, the industrial revolution had created a cost
Children as young as young as five or seven years old worked in dangerous factories. Many times if the children fell asleep while on the job, they would slip and get stuck in the machines, resulting in death. Child labor in the late 1800’s was very unsafe and put the lives of young children in danger. The children worked in very dangerous conditions, most of the time it was factories. The conditions were very poor, the factories were dirty and unsafe for children. The children would work for up to sixteen hours with little to no pay.
Factories were utilizing children to do the hard work. They employed children as young as five or six to work as many as twenty hours a day. According to Document C, children worked in factories to build up muscles and having good intellect in working rather than getting an education. They became a different person rather than conventional children. There were additionally health issues due to child labor: rapid skeletal growth, greater risk of hearing loss, higher chemical absorption rates, and developing ability to assess risks. Progressive Era reformers believed that child labor was detrimental to children and to society. They believed that children should be protected from harmful environments, so they would become healthy and productive adults. In 1912, Congress created the Children’s Bureau to benefit children. The Keating-Owen Act was passed in 1916 to freed children from child labor only in industries that engaged in interstate commerce. However, it was declared unconstitutional sinc...
The labor conditions that children faced were very demanding for a human being from such a small age. For example “In the Manayunk district of Philadelphia, children as young as seven assisted in spinning and weaving of cotton and woolen goods” (Wolensky 2). The children working in the factories had their childhood freedom taken away from them. “In 1830 in a sample of 43 Manchester mills, 22.3% of the workforce was under 14 and 32.4% under 16” (Cunningham 412). This means that about 50% of the workforce in the mills were made up of children under the age of 16 and in today in the United States, a person cannot work until the age of 16. “And it is a hard thing for small children to be confined in a tight close room all day long. It affects their growth, makes them pale and sickly” (Nason). The time these children spent in the factories prevented them from spending time with their neighbors, friends, and family. The fact that young children had to work in these textile mills, created changes to American culture on how childhood years are supposed to be spent.
Child labor is nothing but cheap labor. The big companies loved cheap labor because then they could make an item for not very much money, and make a huge profit margin. Fried continues to state how cheap the labor was, “One glass factory in Massachusetts was fenced with barbed wire ‘to keep the young imps inside.’ These were boys under 12 who carried loads of hot glass all night for a wage of 40 cents to $1.10 per night.” Unlike, children today who are in bed sleeping by 8 pm each night, these children had to stay up all night working to make just enough income for their families.
Child labor is using an adolescent to work with minimal to no pay. In today’s society it is considered immoral, but that was not the case in the 1920s. In that time period child labor was very prevalent. Children of all ages would engage in this without a choice. One issue with this is the child never gets the proper education to prevail and get a well paying job. This was not just a job on the farm, there were many forms of labor such as factory work, agricultural work, and domestic work. The conditions were not fit for working, and the children were paid the bare minimum. Further, it was realised that child labor was harmful to the well being of the child. As a result, there were laws created to abolish it. Child labor
Factory and mine owners exploited the situation by offering families a means to make more money, by putting their children to work. Industry profited from this arrangement by saving money, since child labor was more “cost effective”. According to one historian, Clark Nardinelli, “in 1835 56,000 children under the age of thirteen were working in textile factories alone. By 1874, the number of child laborers in the market hit its peak with over 122,000 children between the ages of 10 and thirteen working in textile factories (4).” ... ...
Child labor has been around for hundreds of years. “Children of poor and working-class families had worked for centuries before industrialization” (Tuttle 1). Before children were needed in factories they worked on family farms tending the fields or animals, as time went on families moved from farms to the cities where children were still required to work. Children worked for numerous reasons some were that their parents couldn’t work so the responsibilities were passed to the children; others included the simple need for more money to feed the entire family. Large businesses welcomed the increasing number of child workers, for the business it meant cheap labor and cheap laborers that could be replaced easily. The exact number of child workers is unknown and has been estimated as stated in multiple articles such as this, “By 1900 over two million children, mostly immigrant children under the age of sixteen, were employed” (Wagner 1). Parents wanted their children to work as soon as possible so they could get as much income as possible, parents often did illegal things to get their children to work, “Boy’s parents often presented a fake birth certificate with an altered date o...
The Industrial Revolution restructured the employer-employee relationship into an impersonal association exhibited by indifference to the quality of life of the worker. Children were especially exploited because they could be hired for lower wages and were made to work equally long days (Miller). Around the 1830s, children constituted about one-third of the labor in New England (Illinois Labor History Society). The conditions of workers as a whole necessitated action on behalf of the rights of laborers.
Many states were involved and enacted laws by the 1920s. Overall 36 states set laws against children, under the age of 16, working in factories at night or over eight hours. As a result, a lot people began to see the negative sides of child labor and advocated for children. More kids went to school for free and worked until they were 16. Thanks to the International Labor Organization, they’ve kept an eye out to regulate work since the twentieth century.
During the industrialization, there were more children working in factories than there were men and women. Children would miss school to help gain money for their families, but they were often paid less than everyone else. When news got out about the real conditions that children were working in, child labor began to decrease in some factories. Industries first followed the rules of the new laws, but often found loopholes that only paid minimum wage to children and allowed them to go to the minimum amount of school that was required. Soon industries and other jobs began to be replaced by women and immigrants.