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Reconstructive theory of memory Roediger and McDermott 1995
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In the past there was a vast gray area between the time and the substance of an alleged childhood sexual abuse and the subsequent recollection of that abuse. With the intense focus by psychiatric community and the criminal justice system to ascertain the truth, the grey lines are becoming more black and white. With the reliance more on scientific methodology and better methods of achieving memory recall there is less reason for jurors to question whether abuse occurred or not. Traumatic amnesia is a documented, verifiable syndrome. The numerous studies that have been seen made , some concurrent with the sexual abuse, others come from memory recall of the abused are statistically reliable and evidentiary of the facts. Sexual abuse creates trauma that is impossible to duplicate in a laboratory setting because the emotional responses that are experienced by the abused are far more complex than anything that can be stimulated artificially. Our better understanding of memory and how it works is really new paradigms for differentiating traumatic ,memory recall from false memory (implanted ideas that are subsequently “recalled.”In the article by Ann Cossins (recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse- fact or fantasy?), Cossins builds an excellent foundation for the acceptance of memory recall to validate the existence of abuse while rejecting the proponents of FMS, as potentially unscientific and basing their “truths” to be the subjective judgements of the accused. To adhere to a belief that recalled memory of sexual abuse is not reliable. We know empirically that this is not true. To return to our question of the reliability of recovered memory from childhood, I would have to conclude that the recovered memory is reliable. The recent cases in our criminal justice system dealing with the abuse by Catholic priests of young boys have been successfully prosecuted because of our belief as a society that if it walks like a duck , talks like a duck, the chances are, it’s a duck. In the past, such abuse might never have come to light because of our predisposition to believe that a priest was not capable of such behavior.
I noticed the girls’ toys engaged fine motor skills more than the boys’ toys did. The girls have several different types and sizes of dolls to choose from – however, this also makes dolls or items used with dolls (Barbie clothes, doll clothes, doll houses, Barbie cars, and doll furniture) over half of all the products in the girls’ section. This shows the stereotypical attitude that all girls like to nurture and will someday be expected to be mothers and the primary care giver for their children. Other toys I noticed that were very stereotypical were the child size vacuum, broom, and kitchen set. Even at this young age we teach girls it is part of their role to cook and clean.
Toy companies have strategic ways to market their products to consumers. One of the most common strategies is to market their toys to a specific gender. This shows with the separate aisles that are designed for each gender. So, this separation of gender could lead way to the idea that “Toyland is boy and girl land” (Auster, Claire). These ideas of “boy and girl land” play upon the stereotypes of each specific gender and impose these conventional stereotypes on children. When these girl specific aisles lack in the ...
While we walk through Toys R Us, we noticed how separate the designs or make up of the toys that were displayed throughout the store. The two separate designs were very distinct in what type of gender they belonged to. In order to understand how toys play a role to the development gender identification, we took a close view at how company market their toys.
The love between Othello, the Moor, and Desdemona, his wife, is strong from the outset of the play, and Othello relies on this love and on Desdemona’s loyalty. When Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, brings him before the senators, accusing him of corrupting Desdemona, Othello is so confident in her love for him that he offers his life if she says she does not love him: “If you do find me foul in her report, /…let your sentence/ Even fall upon my life” (I, iii, 117-19). He reaffirms this when Brabantio suggests that Desdemona will deceive him. Othello responds, “My life upon her faith” (I, iii, 289) Twice, then, he has trusted his life to Desdemona’s loyalty. This not only emphasizes his love for her, but also his reliance upon her...
As a child, our toys were not exactly as gender neutral as earlier times, but also were not as gender stereotypic as the toys in today’s time. The fact that everyone eventually comes into contact with buying toys whether you have kids or you have a friend or family member who have kids which makes this an important topic. Eventually, everyone has to buy a child a present. Would it bother you that all toys are either pink or blue and there is no in between? Or does sticking to what your child is already familiar with and knows the more ideal option when it comes to gender stereotyping with children’s toys? Authors James Delingpole and Eleanor Muffitt both do a good job at arguing both sides to this issue. Although both authors provide valid points throughout each article, about gender stereotyping with toys, James Delingpole clearly was more effective in persuading the audience because he used all three elements; ethos, logos, and pathos to support his idea.
The John Jay College of Criminal Justice found that 4% of all priests who had served in the US from 1950 to 2002 had allegations of child sexual abuse made against them (John Jay College, 2004; Terry, 2008). Most victims were male and older in age compared to victims in the general population (Terry and Ackerman, 2008).The John Jay College study of child sexual abuse in the US Catholic Church found that 81% of the victims of abuse were male. Richard Sipe, a leading expert on sexual abuse in the Catholic Church, reported that of the priests with a tendency to abuse young children, about three-quarters had a preference for abusing boys. The gender preference was more equal among the group of priests who targeted adolescents (Sipe, 1995: 27). Rossetti, (1995) reported on the results of a questionnaire that was sent to more than 7000 adults. Of the 25% that responded, most of the people who completed the questionnaire were either priests, nuns or actively involved in the Catholic Church. 3.3% of the men said that they had been sexually abused by a priest before the age of 18, and 1.7% of the women reported being a...
Othello slowly began to lose his sense of calmness that he usually portrays. He stopped to analyse the circumstances for himself and started to feed off others input, Iago took advantage of this weakness in Othello to plant the seed of jealousy. At first Othello doesn’t accept the fact his wife could be traitorous and assures himself that Desdemona would not cheat on him. Except Iago again attempt’s to remind that she had deceived her father to be with Othello so why would she be so loyal not to deceive him. Othello eventually accepts Iago’s proposition, Othello has no rebuttal to the idea that his wife is dishonest and his love for her quickly turns to hatred. “She’s gone. I am abused; and my relief must be to loathe her.” Othello’s love for Desdemona is 2 sided with one side being love and the other side being complete hate. Othello’s nobility is crushed in act 3 as it shows us a weak non-elegant Othello that was portrayed at the start of the novel, the idea that Desdemona is cheating rips society’s ideology out of his mind and he no longer care for his
Repressed memory therapy plays a very important role when it comes to validating a memory. According to one source “RMT is supposed to help psychotherapist patients recover from a childhood of sexual abuse even if there is no evidence that there is no proof they their patients were sexually abused. (Hockmann, John 1995). This is a treatment that helps individuals go into the place in their mind and retrieve the different memories that have been cause them trauma and effecting there emotional mind set. Therefore, the therapist doesn’t have to have and proof that they experienced anything traumatic they help them to come up with their diagnosis” (Hockmann, John 1995). It’s really hard to make this an accountable process because you have a psychotherapist
Devastation rose upon the citizens of Rome as word spread about the death of their leader, Julius Caesar. Julius was stabbed and assassinated by many senators that believed the rights of their people were being restricted. Brutus was a good friend of Julius that played a part in his murder and is now at his funeral, speaking to the citizens hoping to make peace and to regain their trust. Mark Antony is a close friend of Caesar who took no part in the assassination. Antony is giving a verbally ironic speech in order to convince the citizens that Brutus, is not an “honourable man”, he should not be their leader, and he should be punished for what he has done. Antony’s speech won the audience over because his furtive method of degrading
More specifically to memory encoding and retrieval as they relate to neurobiological structures, Crane and Duggan (2009), found during a study of 49 participants with psychopathologies, 26 of whom reported a history of child sexual abuse, that earlier age of onset of the abuse was associated with a greater level of overgeneral autobiographical memory.
Betrayal is a main theme in Othello and is revealed through the actions and often irrational behavior of the characters. First of all, there is the perceived betrayal of Desdemona when she marries Othello without her father's knowledge or consent. Ironically, Brabantio warns Othello, when he says, "She has deceiv'd her father, and may thee," (I.iii.293). He is suggesting that she has therefore shown a potential for disloyalty. Immediately after this warning, Othello significantly leaves Desdemona in the care of "Honest Iago," (294); the same Iago who alerted Desdemona's father to her marriage in the first place so that he could cause a disturbance and who even admits that he merely shows solidarity with Othello in order to "serve my turn upon him," (I.i.42); in other words, he acts for his own benefit.
Othello, a military man accustomed to regimented routines and practices, places a similar dictation on his married life. Even though he is happy in battle and leading his people, being with his wife is the place that he feels happiest. The combination of being a military man and being a lover were intertwined in Othello’s life, and once he started becoming less involved with the military, he started to feel less confident in his relationship with Desdemona. Once he found about this weakness in Othello, Iago planned an epic revenge by spreading lies about Desdemona’s unfaithfulness. After countess occasions of Iago bringing forth fake proof that Desdemona was having an affair, Othello starts going completely mad. In his madness, Othello confronts Desdemona about what has has happened between her and Cassio. Othello uses the “evidence” that Iago had given him, the handkerchief that he had once given her as a token of his love. He was told by Iago that Desdemona gave it to Cassio as a sign of her new love. She denies any accusations of this happening, because she wasn’t truly guilty of those actions. Even though Desdemona keeps stating she would never do anything like that to him, Othello is still crazy with jealousy and cannot take anymore of what he thought was her lies and smothers her to death. Shortly after, Emilia enters the room and demands to know what has
Marc Antony was a loyal friend of Caesar and only saw the best in both him and his actions. Antony did not find Caesar a threat to Rome but felt Caesar had much to offer Rome. He exercises strategies of ethos and pathos as well as persuasion and strategy which present themselves in his response to Caesar’s death. Antony proceeds to disprove Brutus’ declaration of Caesar’s ambition by giving three examples on why Caesar was not ambitious. Antony shares the three examples "[Caesar] brought many captives home to Rome…[when] the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept…presented him a kingly crown [which] he thrice refuse " (Shakespeare 112). By presenting these examples to the Roman people, Antony brings forth their old memories and past experiences with Caesar forcing them to reevaluate Brutus’ motives. His repetition of referring to Brutus and the other conspirators as honorable men demonstrates mechanics such as reverse psychology used to coerce Roman citizens in procuring revenge through the conspirators. Additionally, the use of pathos is directly evident within Antony’s utilization of greed among citizens when he declares “I found it in his closet, ‘tis his will...It will inflame you…’Tis good you know not that you are his heirs”(Shakespeare 116). Antony implies Caesar’s will contains information concerning the citizens which is of enough importance that they will grow
Antony's performance on the bully pulpit should come as no surprise. He even delicately derides the senators with his lines "My credit now stands on such slippery ground”, “that one of two bad ways you must conceit me”, “Either a coward or a flatterer." The picture of a disingenuous Antony has been painted by Shakespeare.
However, Iago does not impede plans there; He begins to construed the mechanisms of “Desdemona and Cassio’s infidelity.” He convinces Cassio to plead for his career with Desdemona- “Our general’s wife is now the General.” (2.3:285) In attempt to help plead for Cassio’s lieutenancy, Desdemona is a persistent advocate for improving Othello and Cassio relation. However, after Iago plants a seed of doubt in Othello’s perception of Desdemona, her helpfulness becomes poisonous to her marriage; Othello begins to doubt her fidelity. “A liberal hand. The hearts of old gave hands, but our new heraldry is hands, not hearts.”Despite many significant remarks elucidating to Othello’s changing affections, Desdemona disregard of his growing cruelty highlights her youth; she believes he is not jealous. In conjunction, Desdemona presents controversial traits. While she is willing to elope in the dead of night, she is seemingly docile in her husband’s accusations of her infidelity. She does not confront him straightforward, but solely proposes the idea of the wedding sheets. Desdemona’s non-confrontational and trusting disposition contributes to the success of Iago’s disruption in her marriage. While he supports Othello’s growing jealousy, he encourage Desdemona’s trust in Othello.“ I pray you be content, ‘tis is but his humor. The business of state does him offense, and he does chide with you.” (4.2:165-167) Iago’s skillful manipulation of the couple’s weaknesses