Wood samples from Cupressus arizonica, Cupressus lusitanica, and Cupressus sempervirens were evaluated in terms of chemical, anatomical and pulp features in order to consider as raw-material for pulp production. Two 17-year-old trees per species were harvested and wood samples taken at two stem height levels (ground level and 2 m from the ground). Extractives and Klason lignin content were determined in the different wood samples. Wall thickness and tracheid diameter were determined for earlywood and latewood. Representative Wood chips from Pinus pinaster grown in Portugal and from Pinus sylvestris grown in Finland were used as references. The average extractives content of the cypress woods was 3.9%, 3.3% and 2.5 %, respectively for C. lusitanica, C. sempervirens and C. arizonica. These values are lower than the corresponding values for the reference pines species (5.1 % for P. pinaster and 4.5 % for P. sylvestris). Klason lignin content ranged from 33 % to 36 % and was markedly higher than the values exhibited by the pinewoods (28.5 - 29.1 %). Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster are the only hardwood and softwood used by the Portuguese pulp and paper industry. E. globulus is exploited in the production of bleached kraft pulps and transformed, generally, to office paper. Unbleached P. pinaster kraft pulps are obtained and converted, often to kraft liner and packaging paper. Tree species diversification in the raw-material supply for forest-based industries is an acknowledged goal that could positively contribute to global forest sustainability, biodiversity and adaptation to climatic changes and natural hazards. The environmental problems resulting from increasing world consumption of paper has stimulated research into t... ... middle of paper ... ...rom C. sempervirens has lower Klason lignin content and fibre characteristics that appear to be better suited for pulp and paper. The data on fibre characteristics reveals a very high variability. 2. The results showed that the wood samples from Cupressus exhibit lower yield and higher residual lignin content than the Pinus samples used. However with older trees this disadvantage could be overcome. Moreover, the P. sylvestris exhibits a slightly higher pulp yield than P. pinaster. As expected, chemical composition justifies the majority of the cooking results. 3. Some of the less favourable characteristics could be improved by using older trees. A more systematic study on the wood variability of different Cupressus species is therefore necessary to complement the knowledge on this raw material and assess its potential value for several uses as long fibre softwood.
Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata) and Pulp and Lumber Production. Introduction Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is commercially one of the four most important conifers in the southeastern United States. In fact, shortleaf pine has the widest range of all southern pines, spreading from Florida to New Jersey and from North Carolina to Oklahoma. Sidney Investments, a firm based in Dallas, Texas, is considering the purchase of a 360-acre parcel of forested land located in the Quachita Mountains of eastern Oklahoma. This land has been under timber production through one rotation to this point.
The Scots Pine, or also commonly referred to as Scotch Pine, is able to be grown and propagated in various soil and moisture conditions but does not tolerated shaded areas well. This evergreen tree is often planted and propagated for reforestation and horticultural uses. Cones from the Scots Pine are commonly 1½" - 2½" long and are found in solitary conditions or in pairs. They are usually grayish or reddish in color (Cook Forest, 2013).
(Kumar et al., 2008a). Globally, 1.3 1010 metric tons of wood is produced by terrestrial
Redwoods were named for the color of their bark and heartwood. These trees have a high resistance to fungus and diseases due to the high tanin content in the wood. The dense, fibrous bark has an even higher content, and acts as an insulator from periodic fires which have plagued the countryside for centuries. Though these trees are immense, they have delicate foliage. The needles are narrow and sharp-pointed, and combine to form feathery sprays. The cones are an inch long and typically contain fourteen to twenty-four seeds. The older trees offspring sprout form their parents' roots in order to take advantage of the established root system.
Sweetgum (Liquidambar straciflua), also called Redgum, Sapgum, Starleaf-gum, or Bilsted, is a common bottomland species of the south where it grows biggest and is most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. This moderate to rapid growing tree often pioneers in old fields and logged areas in the uplands and Coastal plain and may develop in a nearly pure stand. Sweetgum is one of the most important commercial hardwoods in the southeast and the handsome hardwood is out to a great many uses, one of which is veneer for plywood. Birds, Squirrels, and chipmunks eat the small seeds. It is sometimes used as a shade tree.
Talbot, M. (1944, December 27). Site preparation as an aid to sugar pine regeneration. Retrieved from http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_rn_os041/cfres_rn041.pdf
The Japanese maple trees were subjects for much poetry and art in seventh century Japan. However, both world wars took their toll on the many different collections of these trees, and they were often used as firewood. By the end of the 1940s, many cultivars had disappeared. However, in the 1960s there was a return of interest and since then over 320 varieties of the Japanese maple have been developed from the native trees that were left.
The Adirondack Indians knew what they were doing when they harvested the inner bark of Eastern White Pines as a valuable food resource. Pines are naturally procured in great quantities, and are quite nutritious. Knowing what parts of the pine tree are edible and how to prepare them could very well save your life. There are many parts of the pine tree that can help you out of a hungry situation.
As trees are one of the most important things in our lives, people have different types of harvesting metho...
extracted from the stem and used to make rope, stout fabrics, paper, fuel, food, plastic, composite
Deforestation is a serious issue in today’s world. What once was a green Earth is now becoming a desolate land mold that is losing one of its main attributes: forests. Similar to Rachel Carson’s perception, the Earth was once full of lavish forests and is slowly deteriorating into empty, unappealing land.
Taking wood from rainforests and old-growth forests is detrimental to the environment and society. However, it is possible for us to have sustainable wood if we make an effort.
The preparation of making wood into a pulp for papermaking is accomplished in two different ways. In the groundwood process, blocks of wood are held against a fast revolving grindstone that shreds off short wood fibbers from the block. The fibbers produced by this process are short and are used only in the production of cheap newsprint and used to be added with other types of wood fibber in the making of high-quality paper. Another technique uses a chemical-solvent processes where wood chips are treated with solvents that remove “resinous material and lignin” from the wood, leaving pure fibbers of cellulose.
People all across the world enjoy cherries for their sweet flavor in pies, candies, and pastries. They have become one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the world. As reported by the Columbia Encyclopedia Online (2000), they can be found in home orchards all across the country. However, the cherry tree has many uses. Some varieties are valued for their beautiful flowers, others for the wood that can be made into high quality furniture. Whatever the variety or use, the cherry tree is an important plant in today's society.
3. Sap Wood: Next to heart wood is sap wood. Sap wood is instrumental in the growth of trees through permitting sap to move upward. Annual rings in sap wood are less sharply divided and light in color. Sap wood may also be referred to as “laburnum”.