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Challenges in Addressing Gender Inequality in Cambodia
The attention of gender equality at all level and in all sectors of policy has become a global concern in the modern period. The recognition of gender equality has been internationally demonstrated by the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), followed by the Beijing Declaration on Platform of Action (BPfA), adopted in the Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW). The global framework has contextualized to address the problem of gender inequality with the emergence of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Fundamentally proven, the third principle of MDGs aims to address gender inequality in the global scale (Kasumi, 2011). Attached with that, Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) has formulated Cambodian Millennium Development Goals (CMDGs) with the combination of other national instruments, civil society and private sector for the promotion of gender equality in Cambodia (JICA, 2007 & Kasumi, 2011).
Many national institutions and mechanisms have been established under the umbrella of RGC. As a line ministry, Ministry of Women Affairs, established in 1996, is responsible particularly for the interests of Women. Low-level administrations under this ministry are also mandated to deal with gender discrimination (JICA, 2007 & GAD/C et al., 2009). With the inspiration from 1993 constitution and CEDAW, Ministry of Women Affairs has influenced major development plan including Rectangular Strategy for Growth, Employment, Equity, and Efficiency and National Strategic Development Plan. The fruitful outcome is Neary Rattank, a legal strategic plan, which serves as a main mechanism focused specifically on gender equality in the socie...
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...ncial resources, the expensive cost of education (Gorman, Pon & Sok, 1999 & Kasumi, 2011), and the demand of household labor force (Kasumi, 2011). In the sphere of society, moreover, traditional thinking of conservative people mentally influences the roles and responsibilities of women. Code of Women Behavior, for instance, along with the pre-dominance of social, traditional, and cultural norms and values of Cambodia’s identity is still structured in the society (Kasumi, 2011). While legal national policies and legislations are adopted by RGC, the implementation and enforcement mechanisms are not sufficiently powerful enough to support women and prevent them from gender-related violence. Extrajudicial punishment by employers and sexual abuse by male owners (GAD/C et al., 2009) are major concerns while perpetrators are rarely to be punished by the law (Kasumi, 2011).
"Cambodian Genocide." World without Genocide. William Mitchell College of Law, 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. .
Ung (2000) mentions that the Cambodian genocide is a product of a perfect agrarian vision that can be built by eliminating Western influence. More specifically, the Angkar perceives peasants and farmers as “model citizens” because many have not left the village and were not subjected to Western influence (Ung 2000:57). Moreover, the Khmer Rouge emphasized the ethnic cleansing of individuals from other races who were not considered “true Khmer” and represented a “source of evil, corruption, [and] poison” (Ung 2000:92). Lastly, the ideology centered on obtaining lost territory was based on a “time when Kampuchea was a large empire with territories” (Ung 2000:78). In essence, Ung successfully demonstrates that multiple causes encouraged the Cambodian
Population Council. “World Conference on Women: The Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action on Women and Health”. Population and Development Review , Vol. 21, No. 4 (Dec., 1995), pp. 907-91. Web. 22 Nov. 2013
Prak, K, B, & Schuette, S. (2007). Gender and Women in politics in Cambodia. Henrich Boll
The Cambodian Genocide has the historical context of the Vietnam War and the country’s own civil war. During the Vietnam War, leading up to the conflicts that would contribute to the genocide, Cambodia was used as a U.S. battleground for the Vietnam War. Cambodia would become a battle ground for American troops fighting in Vietnam for four years; the war would kill up to 750,00 Cambodians through U.S. efforts to destroy suspected North Vietnamese supply lines. This devastation would take its toll on the Cambodian peoples’ morale and would later help to contribute that conflicts that caused the Cambodian genocide. In the 1970’s the Khmer rouge guerilla movement would form. The leader of the Khmer rouge, Pol Pot was educated in France and believed in Maoist Communism. These communist ideas would become important foundations for the ideas of the genocide, and which groups would be persecuted. The genocide it’s self, would be based on Pol Pot’s ideas to bring Cambodia back to an agrarian society, starting at the year zero. His main goal was to achieve this, romanticized idea of old Cambodia, based on the ancient Cambodian ruins, with all citizens having agrarian farming lives, and being equal to each other. Due to him wanting society to be equal, and agrarian based, the victims would be those that were educated, intellectuals, professionals, and minority ethnic g...
In this essay, I will be discussing the statement “Gender Inequalities exist and removing them is fundamental to development”. I will focus on how continents compare in their overall rankings taking in consideration health & survival, education, economic participation and political empowerment, with including a case study for an LEDC and MEDC country.
... treated like property and abused to make them comply with the demands of men. Not even the police in Cambodia tried to help these girls because they had no control over the misogynistic culture; they often allowed the crimes being committed in exchange for money. Neth explained this corrupt system during her time with Kristof and WuDunn. When Kristof asked her why she never went to the police to help her escape she explained that, “the police wouldn’t help me because they get bribes from the brothel owners”. The influence that the brothel owners had throughout Cambodia extended to the one place where girls like Rath, Neth and Momm should feel safe and protected; but as a result of the lack of intervention by the government and the public’s denial of the problem, girls and young women have become victims of the vile sex industry and the cycle of abuse will continue.
Cambodia has come a long way from its days under French rule and the disastrous rule of the Khmer Rouge. With 14.9 million people living a relativity peaceful and prosperous life, Cambodia still has a long ways to go to join the ranks of world powers. Education has flourished in Cambodia with most its population attending school and have gone on to even higher education. The main goal is to make sure all of its population is literate so they can be active in life. The government is taking an active role to provide the best for its people whether through reform whether through education or elections. It makes sure to never repeat it’s dark past and always have a bright future.
The equality between men and women is an integral part of human rights, it is also a prerequisite for democracy and social justice. Any democratic state seeks to promote gender equality in all spheres of life. Despite the creation of a strong legal framework to ensure the principle of equality of both sexes, the gap between men and women about their capabilities remains significant (Pomeroy, 72).
In the situation of inequality, there is always a group of people who are not satisfied with the life around them. We will call them the agents of change. Although, the women in Thai society are very submissive, we can observe the attempts to change their life and/or social status. For example, the slave woman acts directly. She pays money to her mistress to buy her freedom (i.e. to change her life). She is acting according to the law that “bond-servants have the right to buy their own freedom.” However, her a...
Globalisation refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. It has several factors, including the globalization of markets and the globalization of production (Charles W.L. Hill, 2011). Inequality on the other hand, refers to the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities (Oxford Dictionary). Globalization is argued to be the root cause raising the unequal distribution of status, rights and opportunities around the globe. The main problems connected with this 'inequality of distribution' is argued to occur at many different levels, including; inequality between genders, nations, within-nations and others. The main focus of this essay, however, will be based on the impact that globalization may have on gender equality. It would begin with an overview of the common beliefs or arguments of those in favor
In this era of modernization with the advancement of technology, there are some countries which are still in the stage of developing country trying to improve the status by offering more jobs to the society like Malaysia, India and Korea. As we know, a country needs the excellent people who can work and sacrifice for the country to improve the economics and lifestyle. But, there is some Asian culture which seriously appears in Malaysia. Generally in the corporate sectors, our government have found out that the women are still being left out decision-making due to relunctance and stereotyping of gender roles. Let’s see the phenomenon of gender inequalities. For example, in Japan, many women move into part-time work upon having children. In United States of America, women held only 16% of board seats of large companies. A study shows that women in senior management positions were three times more likely to lose other jobs than men in similar positions. Let’s move on to see the occurrence of gender inequality in our country, Malaysia. Recently, the minister Datuk Seri Sharizat A.J. stated that the women are still being left out of decision-making due to the gender inequality.Nowadays, gender inequality is being practiced widely in corporate sectors. So, what do you know actually about gender inequality? Gender Inequalities refers to the obvious or ...
and wages. It will also tackle what is being done to solve this problem and what
Violence against women appeared from a long time ago and happened in every country. It caused pain in both mental and physical for women. There were so many people trying to stop this problem but it was still not completely fixed. There are many reasons that lead to this issue all over the world. After many surveys and investigations, we realized that the main reason is Discrimination and Unequal power. Some legends and stories in the past made people think men’s role is more important than women’s role in society. And because men are stronger, more active than women so they can do more work. This also makes people think men deserve more rights than women. They soon forced on human’s mind that men are also...
Human development faces constraint of gender inequality. In present scenario still women and girls are biggest face of inequality. Women and girls are faces discrimination in health, education, political representation, labor market etc. that lead to adverse development. Empowerment of gender considered important for women to come out from difficult face of hindrance in education, work status, social security, position in decision making by ideal of gender. Women empowerment to participate in economic life is necessary to build stronger economically develop and sustainable world and to improve the quality of life for women, men, families and