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Biological theories for etiology of bipolar
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This paper will discuss bipolar disease and is also called manic-depressive illness. It will discuss the causes and prevalence of bipolar disease. It will also discuss the signs of symptoms of the disease. The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar will be discussed. Several studies are included in this paper. Causes of Bipolar Disorder and Prevalence The causes of bipolar disease vary between individuals. Available research indicates that genetic courses account for up to 90% of the reported cases (Fagiolini et al., 2013). It indicates there is a strong connection to hereditary components. Studies interested in genetics reveal the cause of this medical condition manifests in the candidate and chromosomal regions. The connection has currency because the regions are the main areas where the disease occurs. The disease tends to manifest in families, and research shows some people are likely to develop the disease more than others. For instance, children with a sibling or parent who suffers from bipolar disorder are likely to contract the disease more than those who from a family without a history of the disease. However, this does not mean that children from a family with the disease must develop it. Current technological advances in genetic research are improving the understanding of bipolar disease. The research uses a database to link genes that influence its cause with visible signs. There are also studies into diseases with similar symptoms, and this will help reveal a lot about the disease. The common symptoms scientists are concentrating their research on are schizophrenia and depression. The objective is to single out genetic differences that ultimately increase the person’s chances of suffering from the disease. Findings from ... ... middle of paper ... ..., Forgione, R., Maccari, M., Cuomo, A., Morana, B., Dell'osso, M., & ... Rossi, A. (2013). Prevalence, chronicity, burden and borders of bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148, 161-169. Kanske, P., Heissler, J., Schönfelder, S., Forneck, J., & Wessa, M. (2013). Neural correlates of emotional distractibility in bipolar disorder patients, unaffected relatives, and individuals with hypomanic personality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 1487-1496. Nery, F., Monkul, E.S., & Lafer, B. (2013). Gray matter abnormalities as brain structural vulnerability factors for bipolar disorder: A review of neuroimaging studies of individuals at high genetic risk for bipolar disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 1124-1135. Phillips, M., & Kupfer, D. (2013). Bipolar disorder diagnosis: Challenges and future directions. Lancet, 381, 1663-1671.
Bipolar Disorder (Formerly known as Manic Depression) is a mental illness linked to alterations in moods such as mood swings, mania, and depression. There is more than one type, Bipolar I and Bipolar II, and the subcategories are divided by the severity of the symptoms seen, such as cyclothymic disorder, seasonal mood changes, rapid cycling disorder and psychosis. Age of onset usually occurs between 15-30 years old with an average onset of 25 years old but it can affect all ages. (Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital , 2013) Bipolar disorder affects more than two million people in the United States every year. (Gardner, 2011)
Sclauser Pessoa, I. B., Costa, D., Velloso, M., Mancuzo, E., Reis, M. S., & Parreira, V.F.
Geddes, J. R., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2013). Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. The Lancet, 381(9878), 1672-1682. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60857-0
Bipolar does not have a specific cause it is a complex disorder with multiple contributing factors one is genetic. Sometimes bipolar tends to run in peoples families. Another factor is biological.
-Healy David. Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 2008. Print
National Institute of Mental Health. (2007) Bipolar Disorder. Bethesda, M.D.: US Department of Health And Human Services.
Crowe, M. (2011). Feeling out of control: A qualitative analysis of the impact of bipolar
McElroy, S. L., Frye, M. A., Hellemann, G., Altshuler, L., Leverich, G. S., Suppes, T., … Post,
Lish, J.D., Dime-Meenan, S., Whybrow, P.C., Price, R.A. and Hirschfeld, R.M. (1994). The National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (DMDA) Survey of Bipolar Members. Affective Disorders. 31: pp.281-294.
The severe mood fluctuations of bipolar or manic-depressive disorders have been around since the 16-century and affect little more than 2% of the population in both sexes, all races, and all parts of the world (Harmon 3). Researchers think that the cause is genetic, but it is still unknown. The one fact of which we are painfully aware of is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because the symptoms of bipolar disorder are so debilitation, it is crucial that we search for possible treatments and cures.
Paris, J. (2004), Psychiatric diagnosis and the bipolar spectrum, in Canadian Psychiatric Association Bulletin, viewed on 28 March 2014, http://ww1.cpa-apc.org:8080/publications/bulletin/currentjune/editorialEn.asp.
4) Manic-Depressive & Depressive Association of Boston, an article discussing the genetics of bipolar disorder.
Although genetic factors are considered the most important for the development of bipolar disorder, “episodes that develop after the first one appear to be more heavily influenced by environmental stress, sleep disruption, alcohol and substance abuse, inconsistent drug treatments, and other genetic, biological, or environmental factors” (Milkowitz, 2010, p. 74). Patient M had already suffered two similar episodes of strange behavior and her family history includes mood disorders and states of depression.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression) is a complex disorder in which the core feature is disturbance in mood. Major mood disorder affects 20 percent of the population and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. There are four types of bipolar disorders: bipolar I, bipolar II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BDNOS), and cyclothymic disorder. Bipolar I is the most serious of bipolar disorders due to full manic episodes. Scientist are studying the possible causes of bipolar disorder, and most agree there is no single cause. Some possible cause maybe biological causes, such as genetics and brain structure. Using molecular biology to examine possible genetic factor linked bipolar disorder to genes on chromosomes
Genetic Science Learning Center (2011, January 24) Mental Illness: The Challenge of Dual Diagnosis. Learn. Genetics. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/issues/mentalillness.html