Hookworm Infection
Hookworm infection is an infection caused by parasitic roundworms that can live in the intestines or lungs. Hookworm infection is uncommon in the United States but is very common in developing parts of the world, especially in areas with poor sanitation.
Young hookworms (larvae) can enter the skin and travel to the lungs through the bloodstream. The hookworms can move up the windpipe (trachea) and down into the digestive tract. Adult hookworms can live for a year or more inside the small intestine. An undiagnosed and untreated infection can eventually lead to blood loss from the intestines and cause a low level of iron in the blood (iron deficiency anemia).
CAUSES
Hookworm infection is mainly caused by two species of worm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). An infected person passes hookworm eggs through stool (feces). Feces can get into the soil in areas where there is poor sanitation or where human feces is used as fertilizer. Hookworm eggs may develop into larvae and remain in the soil. The larvae can then pass into another person's skin after that
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These are often areas with poor sanitation. These areas include parts of:
○ Asia.
○ Africa.
○ Latin America.
• Walk barefoot in soil that may be contaminated with hookworm larvae.
SYMPTOMS
The first sign of infection is usually a very itchy rash in the spot on the body where the larvae entered the skin. This is usually on the hands or feet. As the worms pass through the body, other signs and symptoms may develop, including:
• Coughing, wheezing, sore throat, or fever as the worms infect the lungs. This may happen about a week after infection and may last for a month or longer.
• About 30–45 days after infection, you may develop symptoms that involve the digestive system. These may include:
○ Abdominal
The exposure to the contaminated food happened during the Memorial Day service celebration, which was May 30th. According to the case study, onset of symptoms occurred from June 5th to June 28th. Therefore, the incubation period from this case ranged from seven days to thirty days. According to Heymann (2014), the incubation period for Typhoid fever ranges from 3 days to over 60 days, with the usual range from eight to fourteen days. A graph of the incubation period is provided in Figure
Symptoms, which include diarrhea and abdominal pain, usually begin two to eight days after a person has been exposed to the bacteria and resolve within a week.
There are many different views on the origins of criminal behaviors within societies. One possible reason for why people commit crimes could be because they learned it from others. Edwin Sutherland works to explain this tactic through his theory of differential association. His theory states that criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others in intimate, personal groups. The learning of criminal behavior depends on the strength of the relationship with those who commit deviant actions. This learning also depends on their definitions of legal codes. For example, some people in society rationalize traffic speeding if it is only a couple miles over the speed limit while others are strongly against speeding at any degree. When a person’s
The most common way this disease is transmitted from one animal to the next is through mosquitoes. A mosquito carrying infective heartworm larvae bites a dog and transmits the infection to them. The larvae grow, develop, and migrate in the body over a period of 6 to 7 months, in which time they become sexually mature male and female worms. this is the prepatent period. The worms then reside in the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels. The worms begin to mate and release microfilaria into the blood stream. When a mosquito bites an infected dog it takes in some of the microfilaria in the blood. After 10 to 30 days there is larvae in the mosquito’s salivary gland which can then be passed on to the next dog the mosquito bites.
L. pneumophila has a very wide range of effects. Healthy individuals usually go through an asymptomatic seroconversion, while less healthy people may undergo Pontiac Fever or Legionnaires’ Disease (LD). In 1968, employees at the county health department in Pontiac, Michigan came down with a fever, but the responsible pathogen was not identified at the time. It was frozen and later diagnosed as L. pneumophila. Pontiac Fever, being milder than LD, generally does not need treatment. Infected individuals will show fever, muscle aches, and headaches, and usually recover between 2-5 days. Pontiac Fever will present symptoms anywhere from a couple of hours to a couple of days after exposure, while LD takes 2-10 days to incubate. LD patients have fever, chills and a cough, with x-rays showing pneumonia. This more severe form usually prevails in elderly, cigarette smokers, people with chronic lung disease, or those who are immunocompromised, such as cancer or AIDS patients.
This disgusting worm parasite is spread by flies and mosquitoes. The adult worm spreads its larvae throughout the host’s lymphatic system and causes the lymph nodes to become clogged up. This also makes the tissue in the host’s body to swell up and create massive muscle deformations, otherwise known as elephantiasis. The elephantiasis mainly affects the legs and genitals. The disease also affects the eyes but that can be easily detected through close inspection but it commonly causes river blindness in the host. It’s been estimated that the parasite is one of the leading causes of blindness throughout the world.
This disease has many symptoms. These symptoms are similar or same to many other illnesses. That is the reason why many doctors get confused when they were researching this disease. There are three stages of symptoms for the disease. In the first stage, the Erythema Migrans, a bull’s eye rash might appear on the bitten area. In the second stage, the Disseminated Lyme Disease, you may experience a fever, sore throat, fatigue, headache, stiff neck, muscle ache, and general malaise. In the third stage, the Chronic Lyme Disease, you may experience aching joints.
The intestinal disease form of anthrax may follow the consumption of contaminated meat and is characterized by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract. Initial signs of nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting of blood, and severe diarrhea. Intestinal anthrax results in death occurring in 25 to 60% of these cases (www.cdc.gov).
Introduction: Criminology is a scientific approach to the study of crime and why it occurs. Criminologists examine this both on the individual and on the societal level. Meaning, why do individuals commit crime, and how society reacts to those crimes. As we look at the root causes of crime, we begin to notice certain aspects of people’s lives that causes them to offend - like a poor social standing, or perhaps an individual’s peer group who may allow or even support negative influences. We can also try to understand why some individuals choose NOT to offend and live pro-social lives despite negative external influences. These concepts and ideas are known as crime theories. There are many and they are wide-ranging.
This theory however as some have argued has emerged from social disorganisation theory, which sees the causes of crime as a matter of macro level disadvantage. Macro level disadvantage are the following: low socioeconomic status, ethnic or racial heterogeneity, these things they believe are the reasons for crime due to the knock on effect these factors have on the community network and schools. Consequently, if th...
In order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the criminal behavior theories, the word theory needs to be defined. “A theory is an explanation. It tells why or how things are related to each other. A theory of crime explains why or how a certain thing or certain things are related to criminal behavior.” (Bohn and Vogel)
Which is a better theory of crime Social ecology or differential association? While both have good concepts I feel that both are somewhat flawed in their concepts of crime. But for the purposes of this paper I will chose differential association as the better predictor and concept for criminal behavior as a whole.
The social structure theories suggest that social and economic forces in poor areas can lead individuals in these communities into criminal behavior patterns. The social structure theorists believe that social conditions influence an individual’s control behavior choices
Anomie and social disorganization theory are reasoning as why individual turn to crimes. The focus is on the macro level (anomie) and micro level (social disorganization theory) of external environmental factors contributing to criminal behaviors. I think social disorganization theory is more beneficial in deterring crimes. It is more manageable to transform a neighborhood or concentrated area than a societal norm. The movement will require equivocal amount of resources with noticeable. By influencing changes at the micro level, as individual transition out of the area, they can impinge a positive attitude in a new environment. As numerous changes occurs on the micro level, it will eventually metamorphose into the macro level.
Ascaris lumbricoides is an infectious and parasite that contaminates a quarter of the world's populace. Ascariasis is a type roundworm that exists in a human body. It has also been mentioned to frequently name as the massive, intestinal roundworm. Ascariasis is really the largest intestinal roundworm found in human body. Ascariasis takes place in the countryside areas of the southeastern United States even though it’s uncommon the U.S. This infectious parasite decreased melodramatically after the introduction of up-to-date sanitation and waste treatment in the early 1900s. It is also projected that the Ascariasis in the United States is roughly 2 percent, but it may be as high as 30 percent among children between one and five years of age, predominantly in the countryside areas. Ascariasis transpires among humans from widespread areas. The size of an ascariasis varies in different sizes. For one the female worms are prominent than the males and can measure 40 cm in length and 6 mm in diameter. There colors are white or pink and are elongated at both ends of the body. An adult worm ...