Cattle Tick
The cattle tick Boophilus microplus is a significant ectoparasite of cattle and a vector for important diseases such as babesiosis
and anaplasmosis.
Classification
SPC List D disease
Susceptible species
B. microplus is primarily a parasite of cattle. However, heavy infestations can also occur on horses, sheep, deer and water
buffalo. Rarely, ticks have been reported on marsupials, goats, dogs, cats and pigs.
Where it occurs
The cattle tick is widely distributed in Central and South America, parts of the southern USA, Africa, Asia, and northern
Australia. The distribution of the cattle tick is largely determined by climatic factors. B. microplus requires high humidity and
ambient temperatures of at least 15-20o C for egg laying and hatching.
Clinical signs
Cattle tick infestation causes:
· damage to hides
· loss of production
· anaemia and death
· weakness leading to greater mortalities during droughts
Post-mortem findings
Animals may be in poor condition, anaemic. Infestations will be obvious by the presence of engorged ticks attached to the
animal's skin.
Differential diagnosis
Several species of ticks may be found on cattle and it is important to differentiate these from B. microplus. Other ticks include:
· Haemophysalis sp..
· Ixodes holocyclus
Specimens required for diagnosis
Ticks should be collected and forwarded to an entomologist for confirmation of the diagnosis. B. microplus has pale legs, short
mouth parts with transversely ridged palps, small eyes and lacks an anal groove.
Transmission
The life cycle involves free-living stages. After feeding on cattle, engorged female ticks drop to the ground and lay ...
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...20,000 ticks are needed. This is a difficult
demand to keep up with and so instead of breeding the cattle ticks the traditional way the ticks are
genetically engineered as this is a faster easier method.
A specific antigen is needed to be found and isolated from samples which
are taken from the gut of a tick. The antigen needed was a protein which
triggers the immunity system. To isolate the particular protein it had to be
identified from about ten thousand proteins found in the gut. Once the
particular gene is isolated from the tick it is put into the bacterium which
then produces a synthetic antigen. Lastly, this synthetic antigen is inserted
into a stable vaccine.
http://outdooralabama.com/hunting/hunterresources/articles/brainworms.cfm 3. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? Smith, M. (2012, October 27). Dealing with Deer Worm. http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/goats/CSGSymposium/deer-worm_revised.pdf.
...h apparently did not prevent transmission of T. equigenitalis (Erdman et al., 2011). With the exception of one, all other stallions were infected with T. equigenitalis indirectly via handling or contaminated fomites at breeding or collection facilities (Erdman et al., 2011). According to Erdman et al. (2011), this outbreak saw the largest number of horses that tested positive for the disease since the first outbreak in 1978. The source of the outbreak was most likely determined to be a stallion imported from Denmark in 2000 that had not been detected positive for T. equigenitalis neither upon pre-import testing in the country of origin nor quarantine testing in the United States (Erdman et al., 2011). The importation of this stallion in the United States subsequently led to subsequent transmission of infection between the years 2004 and 2009 (Erdman et al., 2011).
The biting midge (Culicoides imicola), which is responsible for this disease’s transmission, is usually contained within Mediterranean Europe; where the conditions have been exactly what the midge demands to survive (Society for General Microbiology NP). However, with an increase in average temperature of six degrees, the midge has been allowed to travel northward threatening the cattle throughout the area and even as far as England (Society for General Microbiology NP). The spread of the midge’s territory has led to an increased number of their population, along with the amount of infected cattle.
Lyme borreliosis is caused from the bacterial spirochete B. burgdorferi (“A History of Lyme”). It is a zoonotic disease carried by vectors and transmitted biologically (Tortora, Funke, and Case, 410). Lyme borreliosis has diverse symptoms, from a rash to neurological problems (Tortora, Funke, and Case, 651). The recommended treatment is antibiotics, but even with treatment some people still experience post treatment lyme disease syndrome (CDC). It is an Emerging Infectious Disease and is endemic in areas of the United States (CDC).
2. A mix of animal species to act as hosts for each stage of tick
Wharton, David A. "Toxoplasma Gondii Prevalence in Farm Animals in the United States." International Journal for Parasitology: ASP Special Issue : 2000 Joint Meeting of the New Zealand Society for Parasitology and Australian Society for Parasitology Te Papa, Wellington, New Zealand, 24-28 September 2000. 2nd ed. Vol. 43. Oxford: Elsevier Science, 2001. 107-13. Print.
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Although most people don't realize it, one of the most weakening diseases of the world can often be found crawling around in the shrubs and tall grasses of a person’s backyard .It does not mean that only dirty yards have this disease but it is found in every Americans backyard. The disease is called Lyme disease. Now I will be elaborating on the disease.
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The topic of my case study is Lyme Disease. Lyme disease is a vector transmitted disease that is common in the United States and other areas of the world, United Kingdom, Sweden and a few other European countries. This disease is caused a spirochete from the deer tick or Ixodes scapularis. It is on the rise in the United States and in the European countries. In the United States, there were over 25,000 known cases in the Midwest with less cases that are known around the rest of the country. Lyme disease is also known as Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted via ticks that will attach themselves to a human host and bury
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According to TIME Magazine, hunting isn't the way to solve issues with animal 'pests'. Some of them carry Lyme disease, transmitted from a black-footed tick, which is know to feed off a deer. Even if they do shoot the deer and kill it, the disease is still there. Maybe not after it's cooked, but the risk still remains.
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