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Recommended: Physics of a catapult
Purpose: We are to hit a target at a specific location using a homemade catapult; how can we attain the ideal accuracy to strike the target by altering our catapult’s angle? Introduction: We hypothesize that if we launch our catapult at 45 degrees, then the catapult will exert its maximum range and successfully hit the target. Since the dawn of human intelligence, neanderthals have been using sticks and spears to kill animals. This method eventually transformed to the creation of catapults to launch objects such as boulders into walls, which similarly relates to our objective of launching a projectile into a desired target. The five different kinds of medieval catapults include ballista, springald, mangonel, onager, and trebuchet. Our catapult is going to be in …show more content…
Ancient mangonel catapult had the maximum range of approximately 1300 feet. Correspondingly, our mangonel catapult will be one-fourteenth the size of that used by ancient Greeks and Romans, therefore it will likely exert a maximum range of about 93 feet, or one-fourth the length of a standard football field. In order to measure the maximum distance in comparison to the height of the desired target, we will adjust the angle of the catapult, which will act as our independent variable, or the variable that we will change. We hypothesized that at a 45 degree angle, the catapult will exert its maximum range and successfully strike the target. The perception of this hypothesis derives from the basis of vectors and projectiles. For example, if we were to take three different launch angles, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 60 degrees, then the 60 degrees angle will achieve the peak height because it has the greatest vertical velocity, the 30 degrees angle will reach the ground the fastest because it has the smallest vertical velocity, and 45 degrees angle will achieve the greatest range because the vertical and horizontal velocities are the same, meaning that the time of the flight is coupled with the
... look out for high profile contacts and good image building activities especially due to the on going outsourcing concern. As community theatre boards include executive level staff these consulting companies could get high visibility and a sophisticated image by pairing up with something as ?cultured? as theatre. These companies can be requested by the boards of community theaters to sponsor the building and maintenance of the theatre websites in exchange for good PR and contacts.
Major Ted Tolman’s F-105 Thud fighter/bomber streaked through the air at just under the speed of sound. His aircraft performed modestly at best, struggling to maintain its speed and altitude under the heavy load of ordinance and fuel it carried under its wings (Patrick).
First the energy of conservation. The setting of the trebuchet before firing is shown in Fig 1. A heavy counterweight of mass (M) (contained in a large bucket) on the end of the short arm of a sturdy beam was raised to some height while a smaller mass (m) (the projectile), was positioned on the end of the longer arm near or on the ground. In practice the projectile was usually placed in a leather sling attached to the end of the longer arm. However for simplicity, we shall ignore the sling and compensate for this omission by increasing the assumed length of the beam on the projectile’s side. The counterweight was then allowed to fall so that the longer arm swung upward, the sling following, and the projectile was ultimately thrown from its container at some point near the top of the arc. The far end of the sling was attached to the arm by a rope in such a way that the release occurred at a launching angle near the optimum value ( most likely by repeated trials) for the launch height. The launching position is shown in fig.2 where we have assumed that the projectile is released at the moment the entire beam is vertical. In the figures: (a)=height of the pivot, (b)= length of the short arm, (c)= length of the long arm, while (v) and (V) are the velocities of (m) and (M), respectively, at the moment of launching.
Another type of catapult is the Onager. Onagers were used right up to the middle ages with the Trebuchet, when gunpowder and the Cannon were invented and eventually replaced the catapults.
For almost as long as civilizations began they have been fighting against each other. Often times these wars come down to who has the better military equipment. When one army creates an elite war machine another army is sure to soon copy or improve it. For example the U.S. Army Signal Corps purchased the first ever military aircraft in 1902 (Taylor). Two years later the Italians were also using aircrafts. The trebuchet catapult is no exception; it was one of the most destructive military machines of its time (Chevedden, 2000). A trebuchet works by using the energy of a falling counterweight to launch a projectile (Trebuchet). In this research paper I intend to explain the history and dynamics of a trebuchet catapult.
8 Galum, John, Joshua Shakon and Tan Mau Wu. “National Missile Defense – A CS91 Final Project.” < http://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~eroberts/cs91/projects/national-missile-defense/index.html>
Lengthening the sling proved valuable, increasing velocity and range considerably. However, a point was reached at which the sling length could be said to be optimized, and lengthening it further only created unpredictable release angles.
6 What is the maximum effective range of the M203 grenade launcher? Area Target: 350 m; Point Target: 150 m
Crossbows are a highly effective weapon for hunting and war even in today's standards. The first records of crossbows are from China in the 6th century BC. The knowledge then spreads slowly to the west into Europe during the time of the Roman Empire, the greatest empire of all times. The crossbow remained the favored weapon of war and hunting in Rome until the 15th century when gunpowder was also introduced from China.
...e went into motion. Possible projectiles of the trebuchet were living prisoners, jugs of Greek fire, rocks, and animals. Another large weapon of siege was used primarily in storms, the battering ram. In its early stages, the ram was no more than a hefty beam with a mass of metal attached to the end. Men would hoist the cumbersome boom onto their shoulders and run into a wall or door as many times as needed until the surface under attack gave way. In the Middle Ages, it was developed into more of a machine, for the ram hung from the center of a tent under which the men operating the ram could hide. The ram could be swung like a pendulum much more easily than having to constantly run back and forth. Also, castle guards often poured hot oil or other things onto the ram and its engineers. The tent, which was on wheels, protected the men and the battering ram as well.
These engineers that were working for Phillip of Macedonia are trusted with building the first ballista. These model of catapult are used with two wooden arms, hard wound ropes and a cord to assist in the hurling of a deadly rocket, such as spears, at an enemy.
Powerhousemuseum.com. 2014. Wave Piercing Catamaran - Australia Innovates - Powerhouse Museum. [online] Available at: http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1080&article_id=10089 [Accessed: 24 Feb 2014].
The boomerang is thrown repeatedly to test its flight capabilities. Several types of adjustments may be made to tune the boomerang for better performance. For example, the wing profiles might be adjusted by additional sanding.
Too often, a marketing function is misunderstood, because many people do not understand what is meant by ‘Marketing’.
In this assessment of the projectile motion of an object, I found that it can be applied to many useful situations in our daily lives. There are many different equations and theorems to apply to an object in motion to either find the path of motion, the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time of the object in the air.