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Capital asset pricing model
Capital asset pricing model applied in which area
Capital asset pricing model applied in which area
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The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a mathematical model that offers an explanation about the relationship between investment risk and return. By dividing the covariance of an asset's return by the variance of the market, an asset value can be determined. To ascertain the risk level of a particular asset, the market is evaluated as a whole. Unlike the DCF model, the time value of money is not considered. This model assumes the investors understands the risk involved and trades without cost. Two types of risk is associated with the CAPM model: unsystematic and systematic. Unsystematic risks are company-specific risk. For example, the value of an asset can increase or decrease by changes in upper management or bad publicity. To prevent total loss, the model suggests diversification. Systematic risk is due to general economic uncertainty. The marketplace compensates investors for taking systematic risk but not for taking specific risk. This is because specific risk can be diversified away. Systematic risk can be measured using beta. For example, suppose a stock has a beta of 0.8. The market has an expected annual return of 0.12 and the risk-free rate is .02 Then the stock has an expected one-year return of 0.10.
E( ) = .02 +.8[.12 .02] = 0.10
According to CAPM, the value of an asset fluctuates because of unpredictable economic shifts. The basis for CAPM is that asset risk is measured by the variance of its return over future periods. (McCullough, 2005) Assets with β < I will display average movements in return less extreme than the overall market, while those with a > I will show return fluctuations greater than the overall market. All other measures of risk is not important. CAMP works best for long-term investments.
Ki = the required return on asset i
Rf = risk-free rate of return on a U.S. Treasury bill
βi = beta coefficient or index of non-diversifiable risk for asset i
km = the return on the market portfolio of assets
The Discounted Cash Flow Method, (DCF) summarizes a company cash flow to reflect the time value of money. It can be used to evaluate or compare investments or purchases. Unlike CAPM, DCF uses the present value concept. It puts forth the idea that money invested today should be worth more than money received in the future. Thus, the value of money received in the future is discounted to reflect its lesser value.
The first important component of DCF needs to be estimated is the expected future Free cash flow of the company. However FCF prediction has already been done by Acker. The relevant data is the estimated cash flow from 2002 to 2008, As well as the real FCF at the end of 2001. all figures in this report is in $ value:
The estimates of cost of capital for equity 6.14% are making by using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to generate forecast of DDM and RIM. This method is defined by the sum of risk free rate plus beta that multiplied with a risk premium. Particularly, the beta, which is a quantitative measure of the volatility of company stock relative to the unstable of the overall market, found in JB HI-FI case at 0.56 (JB HI-FI financial statement 2016). It
The cash realization cycle or the cash conversion cycle (CCC) measures the capital efficiency of a company. The efficiency is measured in the number of days it takes to convert the company’s activities which require cash back into cash (Morrow, 2012, page 1). In other words, it is the time it takes to convert from paying the expenses into receiving payment from customers (Morrow, 2012, page 1). It measures the time, in days, needed to sell the inventory and collect the payment.
This object is one of the financial goals to invest properly. Marriott used discounted cash flow techniques to evaluate potential investment. It is beneficial because it is considered present time value. Projects which increase shareholder value could be formed with benchmark hurdle rates, the company can ensure a return on projects which results in profitable and competitive advantage.
If we were only to consider the expected return, then the S&P 500 appears to be the best investments since it has the greatest expected return. 3. The standard deviation provides a measurement of the total risk by examining the tightness of the probability distribution associated with the different possible outcomes whereas the coefficient of variation measures risk per unit. The coefficient of variation is a better measure when investments have different expected returns and different levels of total risk. When risk is considered, the best alternative depends on how much risk the investor is willing to take.
Discounted Cash Flow Method takes the forecast free cash flows during forecasted horizon. Then we estimate the cost of capital (weighted average cost of capital) and estimate continuing value (value after forecast horizon). The future value is discounted to the present value. We than add back cash ($13 Million) and non-current assets and deduct total debt. With the information provided several assumptions had to be made to obtain reasonable values (life period of 30-years, Capital expenditures not to exceed $1 million dollars, depreciation to stay constant at $1.15 Million and a discounted rate of 10%). Based on our analysis, the company has a stand-alone value of $51 Million at the end of fiscal year end 1990 with a net present value of cash flows of $33 million that does not include the cash and non-current assets a cash of and non-current assets.
Piketty’s Capital makes the case for a wealth tax on the capital and high labour incomes of the elite. He reasons on both economic and moral grounds as to the effectiveness of this measure to combat the “fatal flaw” of capitalism; its inherent tendency to concentrate wealth in the hands of an elite few. This recommendation comes after 577 pages of deep analytics performed on a dataset of wealth levels and wealth concentrations in France, the United Kingdom and the United States since 1820, 1855 and 1850, respectively. Piketty then derives a wealth-income ratio by dividing wealth at a certain time by corresponding national income to perform a like-for-like comparison across the regions. It pays to note that Piketty makes no distinction between wealth (the stock of one’s assets less liabilities) and capital, this difference is most often minute but can bring up difficulty when considering that capital is valued at its marginal product and wealth at the market
The cash flows discounted by the risk-free rate of 9% allows us to compare the present values. This comparison illustrates a net advantage to buying the truck:
Discounted cash flow is a valuation technique that discounts projected cash inflows and outflows to evaluate the potential value of an investment. There are three discounted cash flow methods: Net Present Value (NPV), Profitability Index (PI) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The net present value discounts all cash inflows and outflows at a minimum rate of return, which is usually the cost of capital. The profitability index refers to the ratio of the present value of cash inflow to the present value of cash outflows. The internal rate of return refers to the interest rate that discounts cash inflow projections to the present to ensure that the present value of cash inflows is equivalent to the present value of cash outflows (Brown, 1992).
In your response, build upon extant portfolio theory and make sure to talk about different types of risks that investors might face and how they go about managing such risks. This means you need to consider topics such as efficient frontier and optimal portfolios; as well their relevance to investment theory. Furthermore, given the nature of the assignment, avoid bringing the brokerage industry into your discussion. In other words, assume you can invest directly in the stock market and do not need any financial intermediaries like brokerage houses.
Finally, Welch (2008) established from his research that 75% of finance academics recommend using the CAPM for commercial capital budgeting purposes, 10% commend the Fama French model and only 5% recommend an APT model. Therefore, Sharpe and Lintner’s CAPM is a beneficial framework.
Hensel, C. R., Ezra, D., & Ilkiw, J. H. (1991). The Importance of the Asset Allocation Decision.
...he initial costs by the cash flow per year provides the cash-flow payback. It is the length of time required to recover the project's initial capital charges and expenses. The larger the cash-flow payback (i.e., the longer the payback period), the riskier the project. However, the cash-flow payback method neither accounts for the time value of money nor does it credit the income following payoff of the initial costs. In other words, it provides no information about the return rate for the investment made during the project.
Cash flow statements provide essential information to company owners, shareholders and investors and provide an overview of the status of cash flow at a given point in time. Cash flow management is an ongoing process that ties the forecasting of cash flow to strategic goals and objectives of an organization. The measurement of cash flow can be used for calculating other parameters that give information on a company 's value, liquidity or solvency, and situation. Without positive cash flow, a company cannot meet its financial obligations.
The Modern portfolio theory {MPT}, "proposes how rational investors will use diversification to optimize their portfolios, and how an asset should be priced given its risk relative to the market as a whole. The basic concepts of the theory are the efficient frontier, Capital Asset Pricing Model and beta coefficient, the Capital Market Line and the Securities Market Line. MPT models the return of an asset as a random variable and a portfolio as a weighted combination of assets; the return of a portfolio is thus also a random variable and consequently has an expected value and a variance.