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Racial disparity in justice system scientific paper
Judicial racial discrimination in the US
Judicial racial discrimination in the US
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Bryan Stevenson is a public-interest lawyer who has spent his life committed to help those in need – primarily focusing on mass incarceration, racial issues, death penalty, and child incarceration. Stevenson has won court cases for many clients whether they were children, mentally ill, or wrongly convicted – and has even battled cases in front of the United States Supreme Court. His most recent, and monumental, win was a ruling that life-without-parole is unconstitutional for children who are seventeen years old and younger. Stevenson is a professor Law at the New York University School of Law and also a public speaker who hopes to bring knowledge about racial inequalities, past and present, to communities everywhere (“EJI” 2016).
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They are not familiar with the courtroom or the language that is commonly used inside those four walls – this means that the people who are in charge of punishing defendants are often unable to fully comprehend the instructions that they are given (Smith & Haney 339). This can lead to instances where the defendants are given punishments that may be more severe (such as the death penalty) than they need to be (340). In a study done by Smith and Haney, it was shown that psycholinguistic techniques greatly improved jurors comprehension of the instructions that they were given dealing with the punishment of defendants in California (348). This shows that cognitive psychology plays a significant role in Bryan Stevenson’s work to create a more equal justice system in the United States.
Getting to ask Bryan Stevenson a question has potential to be overwhelming – he has a lifetime of experience that makes him a wealth of knowledge. After doing a little research for this paper, I am interested in knowing more about the comprehension of jurors – what has Stevenson personally viewed in his cases and in the courtroom? Does he think juror comprehension is an issue everywhere and not just
Steve Bogira, a prizewinning writer, spent a year observing Chicago's Cook County Criminal Courthouse. The author focuses on two main issues, the death penalty and innocent defendants who are getting convicted by the pressure of plea bargains, which will be the focus of this review. The book tells many different stories that are told by defendants, prosecutors, a judge, clerks, and jurors; all the people who are being affected and contributing to the miscarriage of justice in today’s courtrooms.
Alexander (2010) suggests mass incarceration as a system of racialized social control that functions in the same way Jim Crow did. She describes how people that have been incarcer...
Kassin, Saul, and Lawrence Wrightsman (Eds.). The Psychology of Evidence and Trial Procedure. Chapter 3. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985. Print.
In Bryan Stevenson’s essay, “Close To Death: Reflections on Race and Capital Punishment In America” he claims that there is a tremendous racial problem in our criminal justice system. Stevenson explains,
Bryan Stevenson gives a talk about social inequality as it relates to poverty and race. He is a lawyer, as well as the founder of the Equal Justice Initiative, an organization that works to fight inequalities in the criminal justice system. He has represented many clients, which he refers to as victims, facing life sentences or are awaiting their death sentence. He has represented many large cases and met many large figureheads of civil rights, such as Rosa Parks.
Ewing, C., & McCann, J. (2006). Minds on trial: Great cases in law and psychology. NY: Oxford University. pp. 129-139. Retrieved from http://undergrad.floridatechonline.com/Courses/PSY3100/Critical_Reading_Ewing_McCann.pdf
In her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander states that we still use our criminal justice system to “label people of color ‘criminals’ and then engage i...
Most black Americans are under the control of the criminal justice today whether in parole or probation or whether in jail or prison. Accomplishments of the civil rights association have been challenged by mass incarceration of the African Americans in fighting drugs in the country. Although the Jim Crow laws are not so common, many African Americans are still arrested for very minor crimes. They remain disfranchised and marginalized and trapped by criminal justice that has named them felons and refuted them their rights to be free of lawful employment and discrimination and also education and other public benefits that other citizens enjoy. There is exists discernment in voting rights, employment, education and housing when it comes to privileges. In the, ‘the new Jim crow’ mass incarceration has been described to serve the same function as the post civil war Jim crow laws and pre civil war slavery. (Michelle 16) This essay would defend Michelle Alexander’s argument that mass incarcerations represent the ‘new Jim crow.’
This research essay discusses racial disparities in the sentencing policies and process, which is one of the major factors contributing to the current overrepresentation of minorities in the judicial system, further threatening the African American and Latino communities. This is also evident from the fact that Blacks are almost 7 times more likely to be incarcerated than are Whites (Kartz, 2000). The argument presented in the essay is that how the laws that have been established for sentencing tend to target the people of color more and therefore their chances of ending up on prison are higher than the whites. The essay further goes on to talk about the judges and the prosecutors who due to different factors, tend to make their decisions
The purpose of the criminal justice system is to give justice equally among the population, no matter what the judge says they versus what was actual done, everyone deserves the chance to be heard. I have always known that once you have been involved with the law, somehow you 're still subjected to imprisonment, either behind bars or through the eyes of society. Stevenson takes the steps to prevent these things from being on a continuous cycle through his determination and willpower. In essence, I grew to love this book in the past couple of weeks. Bryan Stevenson’s examples of cases resonated with me, along with learning it mainly validated what I already knew, while reading this biography I respectfully took into consideration the reaction of someone else a different race and, or financial class, similarly creating a better viewpoint of criminal justice system for
According to statistics since the early 1970’s there has been a 500% increase in the number of people being incarcerated with an average total of 2.2 million people behind bars. The increase in rate of people being incarcerated has also brought about an increasingly disproportionate racial composition. The jails and prisons have a high rate of African Americans incarcerated with an average of 900,000 out of the 2.2 million incarcerateed being African American. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics 1 in 6 African American males has been incarcerated at some point in time as of the year 2001. In theory if this trend continues it is estimated that about 1 in 3 black males being born can be expected to spend time in prison and some point in his life. One in nine African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 are currently incarcerated. Although the rate of imprisonment for women is considerably lower than males African American women are incarc...
Stevenson, D 2012, The function of uncertainty within jury systems, George Mason Law Review, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 513-548, viewed 6 May 2014, .
In the wake of President Obama’s election, the United States seems to be progressing towards a post-racial society. However, the rates of mass incarceration of black males in America deem this to be otherwise. Understanding mass incarceration as a modern racial caste system will reveal the role of the criminal justice system in creating and perpetuating racial hierarchy America. The history of social control in the United States dates back to the first racial caste systems: slavery and the Jim Crow Laws. Although these caste systems were outlawed by the 13th amendment and Civil Rights Act respectively, they are given new life and tailored to the needs of the time.In other words, racial caste in America has not ended but has merely been redesigned in the shape of mass incarceration. Once again, the fact that more than half of the young black men in many large American cities are under the control of the criminal justice system show evidence of a new racial caste system at work. The structure of the criminal justice system brings a disproportionate number of young black males into prisons, relegating them to a permanent second-class status, and ensuring there chances of freedom are slim. Even when minorities are released from prisons, they are discriminated against and most usually end up back in prisons . The role of race in criminal justice system is set up to discriminate, arrest, and imprison a mass number of minority men. From stopping, searching, and arresting, to plea bargaining and sentencing it is apparent that in every phases of the criminal justice system race plays a huge factor. Race and structure of Criminal Justice System, also, inhibit the integration of ex offenders into society and instead of freedom, relea...
About twenty five percent of the world’s prisoners are in the United States. This statistic is rather ironic due to the fact that the U.S is the land of the free. Mass incarceration has been an ongoing and prevalent problem within the United States. The 2008 film, American Violet, goes on to expose the horrific truth about mass incarceration within our nation. The movie focuses on Dee Roberts, a young, low income African American woman wrongly accused of distributing narcotics near a school zone by her local district attorney. Strongly opposed to the possibility of losing the government programs she depends on, as well as custody of her children, Roberts rejects her plea bargain and fights the D.A in court with the help of the ACLU. An analysis
Guilty or not guilty is the key question found stuck in the head of any juror on a murder case. It seems like such a simple question, but the twelve jurors for a murder case of a boy who may have killed his father takes the question to a whole new level. The behaviors of these twelve men are quite unique when looking at them psychologically. They can be determined by a numerous number of psychological phenomena. Some specific phenomena that can be shown using incidences throughout the movie of 12 Angry Men are conformity, stereotyping, memory, personality, and sensation and perception.