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The main theme of 20th century Russian literature
Main themes of russian literature
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Life without Love – The Malady of Death
The Brothers Karamazov, is a novel which contains many themes presenting outlooks on faith, life, and love. The character of Ivan is the cornerstone which Dostoevsky uses to present these outlooks. It is suggested that Ivan suffers from “The Malady of Death”. The idea of the malady of death is presented in the novel, The Malady of Death, by Marguerite Duras. The malady of death can be thought of as a disease or disorder caused by a sort of spiritual malaise. The question asked than is; does Ivan Karamazov suffer from the malady of death? I believe that the novel clearly shows that Ivan does indeed suffer from the malady of death, but the question I pose is; at the end of the novel is he cured?
To start I’ll present the following question; what IS the malady of death? If one were to take into consideration the actual definition of the words in the phrase, the malady of death would mean the disease or disorder of death. The way that our texts have presented this is not all that different from the words’ actual meanings. In the Duras text the man is said to be suffering from the malady of death. Duras presents this idea by showing that life is nothing without love. On page 3 of The Malady of Death the prostitute asked the man what he wanted to try and his response was, “Loving.” The man in this text is incapable of loving and when he questions the prostitute as to why the malady of death is fatal, “... And also because he’s like to die without any life to die to, and without even knowing that’s what he’s doing,” was her response (pg. 19). This response suggests that people who suffer from the malady of death have nothing to live for, a lack of faith so to speak, and thus don’t fight to stay alive. There is a spiritual malaise going on inside the person. Simply stated the malady of death can be thought of as life without love. Love of others, love of themselves, love of God, love of this world, a person who suffers from the malady of death is missing some or all of these “loves” which make life worth while.
The first real look that we get of Ivan comes in Book V when he’s having lunch with Alyosha.
The Death of Ivan Ilyich by Leo Tolstoy tells the story of Ivan Ilyich, a man who deals with a mysterious illness through introspection. Until his illness, he lived the life he thought he was supposed to live. Like Candide, he was living in blind optimism. He assumed that what he was doing was the right thing because he was told as much. He had a respectable job and a family. Happiness, if it did occur to him, was fulfilling his duties as a husband and father. It was his sudden illness that allowed him to reflect on his choices, concluding that those choices did not make him happy. “Maybe I have lived not as I should have… But how so when I did everything in the proper way” (Tolstoy 1474)? Ilyich had been in a bubble for his entire life, the bubble only popping when he realizes his own mortality. This puts his marriage, his career, and his life choices into perspective. Realizing that he does not get to redo these choices, he distances himself from his old life: his wife, his children, and his career. All that is left is to reflect. This reflection is his personal enlightenment. He had been living in the dark, blind to his true feelings for his entire life. Mortality creates a space in which he can question himself as to why he made the choices he made, and how those choices created the unsatisfactory life he finds himself in
Tolstoy provided us with two perspectives to view Ivan’s life in “The death of Ivan Illyich”: an omniscient narrator and Ivan himself. What I plan to do is give another perspective, not necessarily to view his life, but rather to his experiences after he realized he was dying. This perspective will be an analytical and psychological; the perspective from Kubler-Ross’s Stages of death (or stages of grief, as they are better known for). These stages occur when we are faced with an event that is usually connected with death. The “normal” order in which these five stages occur, though may not go doctrinally in this order, are as such: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.
Ivan pretty much avoids the idea of death because he did not think it would happen to him so soon. Death to Ivan is something that deceased people experience. Ivan and his family did not see death has a common experience for all beings. This thought is seen in Ivan as he transitions. Ivan had a routine for his life. He enjoyed working, playing bridge, and keeping his house luxurious. Tolstoy says Ivan’s life was “most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible.” In the beginning of the story, the readers are presented with Ivan’s funeral. The people attending Ivan’s funeral want the whole ordeal to be over. This entire death has been an inconvenience for all of his friends and family. Death is something that Ivan battles with as he gets closer to that point in his life. The fall off of the ladder is the reason for him dying. This fall triggers unbearable pains for Ivan. Ivan is very irate towards his wife and screams due to the pain he experiences. On his death bed, Ivan struggles with dying. He is truly afraid of what is going to happen to him. “Suddenly some kind of force struck him in the chest and on the side, his breath was constricted even more, he collapsed in to the hole and there at the bottom of the hole some light was showing.” This excerpt expressed the moment in which Ivan converts. He feels a spirit that told him how to mend things with his family. In Ivan’s case, death is the only way to help his family move
The first and perhaps most important characteristic of Death is that he is a "slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men" (line 9). Notice how "kings" are not the only slavers of Death, but also "desperate men," a characteristic applicable to almost anyone from any social stratum at some point in his or her life. That the slavers of Death may come from all walks of life is central; for by presenting Death as an imposition by any men on any others, the speaker effectively suggests a gruesome connection between everyone: Each and every person's life is in the hands of hundreds of thousands of
One of the things that affected Ivan’s death was the feeling of lioness because none of his family members cared about him. He became hopeless and stopped fighting the illness he had. Why and how he died isn’t clearly given in the story, but from one’s assumption, he might have had cancer.
Tolstoy immediately absorbs you into the novel by beginning with Ivan’s death. The actual death scene is saved until the end of the novel, but he shows you the reaction of some of Ivan’s colleagues as they hear the news of Ivan’s death. You are almost disgusted at the nonchalant manner that Ivan’s “friends” take his death. They are surprised by his death, but immediately think of how his death will affect their own lives, but more importantly, their careers. “The first though that occurred to each of the gentlemen in the office, learning of Ivan Ilyich’s death, was what effect it would have on their own transfers and promotions.” (pg 32) As a reader, you have to wonder how Ivan must have had to live in order for people close to him to feel no sadness towards the loss or even pity for his wife. In fact, these gentlemen are exactly like Ivan. The purpose of their lives was to gain as much power as possible with n...
Vladimir Nabokov suffered a neurological disorder called Synthesia. In this disorder, some senses appear the form of other senses. For his specific case, it allowed him to see letters in color. The literary form of this disorder is writing when one sense describes another. Nabokov’s synthesia allowed for him to compose its’ literary form in a superior manner. Additionally, in its literary implication, synthesia generates juxtapositions of the senses. With and in juxtaposition, he uses the comparison of senses to describe one sense through another sense. Nabokov uses his Synthesia to enhance juxtapositions in order to capture essence of life through words. In his short story First Love, he illustrates importance of using the senses in descriptions
This is related to the theme to live without suffering because as Ivan is getting ready to die he complains about how he is in so much pain despite numerous doctor visits and medication. Tolstoy uses his complaints as indicator for the readers to know that Ivan does not want to die in pain but peace. A moment of this is when Ivan calls his family into the room and dies in front of them because he believes it will bring them joy.
In his last moments of life, Ivan sees light instead of death. His final audible words are “What joy!” despite the pain he feels. This epiphany that he has happens in a single moment and in a sense makes him finally come alive. Thus, right before his final breath Ivan is able to say to himself “Death is finished, it is no more!” Death no longer has a hold on him because the quest of perfection no longer does. Ivan has finally decided, after a lifetime of denying it, to “let the pain be.”
The novel revolves around the three Karamazov brothers – Dimitri, Ivan and Alyosha – ‘s emotionally spiritual conflict between reason and faith. Dostoevsky portrayed this best through Book V, chapter 3 to 5 – in which an intellectual conversation between Ivan and Alyosha takes place. Their dinner conversation opens up a whole new paradigm of spirituality. Ivan, in order to explain his point of view on the matter, brings up the suffering of innocent children in particular and the human race in general. It is beyond his grasp how a living God could let mankind suffer for no particular reason. Furthermore, Ivan cannot seem to comprehend why the innocent and harmless children have to live their lives in suffering. He says in Book V chapter 4 – Rebellion: “Listen: if everyone must suffer, in order to buy eternal harmony with their suffering, pray tell me what have children got to do with it? It’s quite incomprehensible why they should have to suffer, and why they should buy harmony with their suffering. “ His poignant speech is so eloquently articulated that it makes us question whether this is actua...
In his novella, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Leo Tolstoy satirizes the isolation and materialism of Russian society and suggests that its desensitized existence overlooks the true meaning of life—compassion. Ivan had attained everything that society deemed important in life: a high social position, a powerful job, and money. Marriage developed out of necessity rather than love: “He only required of it those conveniences—dinner at home, housewife, and bed—which it could give him” (17). Later, he purchased a magnificent house, as society dictated, and attempted to fill it with ostentatious antiquities solely available to the wealthy. However, “In reality it was just what is usually seen in the houses of people of moderate means who want to appear rich, and therefore succeed only in resembling others like themselves” (22). Through intense characterizations by the detached and omniscient narrator, Tolstoy reveals the flaws of this deeply superficial society. Although Ivan has flourished under the standards of society, he fails to establish any sort of connection with another human being on this earth. Tragically, only his fatal illness can allow him to confront his own death and reevaluate his life. He finally understands, in his final breath, that “All you have lived for and still live for is falsehood and deception, hiding life and death from you” (69).
In the play “everyman” death is depicted as something that is terribly feared as no one seemed ready for it, death is perceived as something that takes one away from the pleasures of this world.
Love has always been a controversial issue throughout centuries. However, it was, and is, still one of the most popular topics in literature.One cannot help but be reminded of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet when that particular topic is brought up, which is one of the finest examples on this topic. Despite all the literary works written about love, love itself remains unexplained. The questions “why” and “when” is often asked –it can usually be answered vaguely or deeply, but sometimes it remians unanswered. In Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen makes Mr Darcy, who has captured young girls’ hearts for decades, say “I cannot fix on the hour, or the spot, or the look, or the words, which laid the foundation. It is too long ago. I was in the middle before I knew that I had begun.”, which is both very informative and a vague answer, when asked by his love of life. It is vague, because it doesn’t exactly answer the question “when”. On the other hand, it is a perfect answer to describe the mysterious nature of love.
According to Kubler-Ross’s theory, the first cycle is denial. Denial in this case is the individual denying that they are dying. When the individual resists the reality that they are going to die. “Then where shall I be when I am no more? Could this be dying? No I don’t want to!” (Tolystoy, “TdofII” p127), Ivan may have felt that he would be leaving too much behind if he were to die: worrying about where he’ll after he dies and refusing to something that cannot be stopped. Concerned mostly about losing his luxuries, he was clearly afraid and couldn’t accept he was dying as shown in this quote. “In the depth of his heart he knew he was dying, but not only was he not accustomed to the thought, he simply did not and could not grasp it.” (Tolystoy, “TdofII” p129).
When his worldly goods left him Death comes back and says “Nay, nay; it was but lent thee” (line 164). To reiterate that he can not take his possessions with him on this long journey. He then reminds him that he is about to come soon and he needs to make his peace. Also in this exchange Death states “Nay, thereto I will not consent, Nor no man will I respite; But to the heart suddenly I shall smite Without any advisement. And now out of thy sight, I will tell me hie; See thou make thee ready shortly, For thou mayst say this is the day That no man living may scape away” (lines 177-184). He let Everyman know that he will not know when he will come for him and that no one will escape him. Then Everyman realizes that he succumbs to death eventually. He realizes that he did not live for anything and that his life was barren. So, Everyone seeks a way to avoid the second death; his spiritual death which is far worse than the first. With his life book full, he will be able to stand before