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Karen Andrade: - Bracero program: The United States is an immigration country in which it creates a movement of people into their country to settle there. As a result, the U.S government had to establish immigration polices where they implemented policies that dealt with the transit of people across its boarders, but especially for those that intend to work and to remain in the country. On the other hand, Mexico has been a country of emigration since the 1920’s, where its people leave their country to live somewhere else. As a result, the Mexican people have become economic migrants, as they seek employment to improve their financial positions. An illustration of this is the Bracero Program that began in 1942 in which it covered the worker gap of the U.S. wartime. The United States and Mexico agreed in the Mexican labor force in farm and agriculture, where both were working for their best interests. In The Bracero Program 1942-1964 an online presentation slide conveyed the history of million Mexican peasants who lost their lives in the Mexican Revolution of 1910. By the late 1930’s, when the crops in Mexico began yielding insufficient harvest and employment became scarce, Mexican …show more content…
worker gap. In the Braceros: History, Compensation article of the UC Davis, “The year 1965 was a "year of transition," as farmers adjusted to the end of the Bracero program. The number of US migrants, 465,000, reached a record 15 percent of the 3.1 million hired US farm workers. Some farmers joined or formed labor associations that generally increased labor market efficiency, as they reduced or stabilized labor costs and simultaneously increased average worker earnings”. The Bracero Program left a legacy of a constant undocumented immigration waves where they get addicted to low wage labor in the U.S. where Mexican immigration go to the U.S. solely to
Before the strike for higher wages began, migrant workers worked in very horrible conditions. Men, women, and children would work on these farms for only a dollar an hour. The
Laramie project is very sensitive and crucial issue which was wisely broad up in the form of a docudrama in front of the community. The story of Matthew Shepard's highlighted many issues like hate crime, gay/lesbian relationship and personal identity which are still considered as tactful for many peoples. This play also described the role of media, police and an individual in the entire process and shows the influence of this incidence on a person's life.
Mexican agricultural workers had been granted temporary work visas allowing them to work in the United States' agricultural industries through a program called the Bracero Program until 1965 when this program was terminated. As a result of this termination, the unemployment rate had exceeded 70% in certain border cities. In May of 1965 the Border Industrialization Program was established as a replacement for the Bracero program. It was later renamed the Maquiladora Program. The program was established by the Mexican government to provide employment for Mexico's rapidly growing population along its border with the United States. This Program was utilized to keep Mexicans from entering the United States. The idea was that Mexican workers would be kept on the Mexican side of the border if they were given factory jobs on the Mexican side. The Maquiladora program also wanted to attract foreign manufacturing facilities, technology, and know-how by giving a permanent tax holiday to manufacturing companies that would set up "twin plants" on the Mexican side of the border.
focuses on the nationalization of the United States Border Patrol during and after World War II. Due to the perceived threat of emigrants from any nation, Border Patrol resources were amplified and law enforcement personnel was diverted toward the Mexican and United States borderlands. With increased patrol of the borderlands, many Mexican migrants were unable to cross the border for seasonal work. This created a shortage of Mexican labor that United States agri-businessmen could not afford. The Bracero Program would serve as a binational program to manage the cross-border migration of Mexican laborers.
The Mexican Migrant Farm Workers’ community formed in Southern California in the 20th century because of two factors that came together: farming emphasized by migrations like the Okie farmers from the East and Mexicans “imported” to the U.S. because of the need for cheap labor as a replacement of Americans during World War II. The migrant labor group formed after an already similar group in the U.S had been established in California, the American farm workers from the East, known as the Okies. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s caused the movement of the Okies to the West and was followed by the transition from American dominant farm labor to Mexican migrant labor. The Okies reinforced farming in California through the skills they took with them, significant to the time period that Mexicans arrived to California in greater numbers. However, the community was heightened by World War II from 1939 to 1945, which brought in immigrants to replace Americans that left to fight in the battlefields. Robin A. Fanslow, archivist at the Library of Congress, argues that because of World War II, “those who were left behind took advantage of the job opportunities that had become available in [the] West Coast” (Fanslow). Although some Mexican migrants already lived in the U.S prior to this event, a vast majority arrived at the fields of California specifically to work as farmers through the Bracero Program, created because of the Second World War. Why the Second World War and not the First World War? WWII urgently demanded labor and Mexico was the United States’ closest resource. Although WWI also caused the U.S. to have a shortage of labor; at the time, other minorities dominated, like the Chinese and Japanese.
Waldinger, Roger David, and Michael Ira Lichter. How the Other Half Works : Immigration and the Social Organization of Labor. University of California Press, 2003. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.
“I do not believe that many American citizens . . . really wanted to create such immense human suffering . . . in the name of battling illegal immigration” (Carr 70). For hundreds of years, there has been illegal immigration starting from slavery, voluntary taking others from different countries to work in different parts of the world, to one of the most popular- Mexican immigration to the United States. Mexican immigration has been said to be one of the most common immigration acts in the world. Although the high demand to keep immigrants away from crossing the border, Mexicans that have immigrated to the U.S have made an impact on the American culture because of their self sacrifices on the aspiration to cross over. Then conditions
When we hear discussions or read articles about drug wars, killings, and illegal immigration into the United States, many of us immediately think of Mexico. As a nation, Mexico is a much greater country than these commonly referred to issues. Mexico is a country with a broad history, deep family culture, and an economy fueled by oil and tourism. The United States Department of State (USDS) offers a broad range of information on countries outside the US, including Mexico. I found a wealth of information about Mexico through the USDS Background Note provided on their website located at www.state.gov. I will outline for you the key information found in this report, and others, related to the Mexican economy, culture, and more.
America the land of opportunities, millions of people have left their countries to look for a chance to start a new life, a new beginning. Over the last 400 years, immigrants from different parts of the world left their countries for different reasons, some for war in their homelands others for economic and social reasons. Mexican community was one of the first group of people that stablished a strong presence in the country; therefor had and still has big influence in the development of the United States economically and industrially. Besides the contributions of the Mexican Community to America, Mexican decedents had faced challenges of acceptance from the American society, in a land that once was Mexican territory.
The braceros who stayed and decided to deal with the conditions began to feel the effects. After working long hours the braceros began to weaken physically and mentally. You may be ask yourselves how they were affected mentally. Well most of the braceros were threatened by their employers. They would send them to do backbreaking labor. The braceros were not allowed to complain if they complained they would be sent back to Mexico. For some braceros that threat affected them the most because they did not have anything that they could live off in Mexico and they needed to sustain a family. The Braceros were so filled up with fear that they would be sent back to Mexico that they would do whatever the employer said. The fear of the workers gave the advantage to the employers and they would make the braceros do hard work for little pay. The conditions became worse and worse for the braceros during the contract period. Bickerton writes, “Braceros received insufficient food and substandard housing, and suffered inadequate wages, unsafe working conditions, and unemployment during the contract periods” (909). Although all of this was going on the government ignored everything and let injustices keep going (Bickerton 909). The braceros were striped from their rights as a bracero. Which affected the braceros
During the latter part of the 19th century, many laborers faced numerous problems. Some of these problems included, “mechanization of industry, emergence of giant corporations, nationalization of labor, public sentiment greatly admired the ‘Captains of Industry,’ and immigration” (Farless). After years of knowledge, man was introduced to machines. When machines played a part in the latter part of the 19th century, it caused trouble with the laborers. These new machines would replace laborers, which meant more laborers were remaining unemployed and that there were lower wages (Farless). Another problem laborers faced were the introduction to immigrants. Immigrants were coming to the United States of America from foreign land to work. With these immigrants, it kept the wages low because the immigrants were new inexpensive labor (Farless).
The migrants came from the midwest, in search of a job. The foreign workers came from different countries, such as China, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines. The demand for peon workers was increasing dramatically, foreign workers were just what the farmers needed. The foreign workers were also treated much worse than the migrants. They worked for little pay, but there was not really another way they could get money. The migrants were paid more, possibly because they are foreign born. When foreign workers came to the United States, they had to adapt to the languages, traditions, wages, etc. As for the migrant workers, they were raised in the United States, so they have a better understanding of how to live. Foreign workers had a very poor standard of living and often faced discrimination. In The Harvest Gypsies, the first sentence of the sixth article is, “ The history of California’s importation and treatment of foreign labor is a disgraceful picture of greed and cruelty.” Steinbeck had a strong belief that foreign workers were treated different from migrants, which is true. Another example is when the article talks about how the whites could not compete with the foreign workers anymore. “ Mexicans were imported in large number, and the standard of living they were capable of maintaining depressed the wages for farm labor to a point where the white could not compete.” This quote is saying that the wages and standard of living got so low, that whites gave up on trying to get a job in the fields. Some may say that the migrants and foreign workers were treated very similar, but this is untrue. They both had to live in very poor conditions, but the foreign workers had it much harder than the
EV1: Octavio Camarena, a college student from Mexico, wanted to go to the US to continue his studies in Architectural Engineering. The Bracero Program helped Camarena raise money to go to school, but on difficult terms. For example, Camarena and his co workers worked long hours under hard conditions. In an article where Camarena explained his usual work day he stated that, “...men pulled railroad ties from the ground, under 110-115 degree weather in Arizona deserts. Each rail tie weighed 300 pounds…work days stretched for 10
Following the war (during the mid-19th – early 20th century), there was a rapid expansion of migrant American Hispanic workers in the U.S. agricultural and industrial sectors. However, during the Great Depression (1930s), many Hispanic Americans were deported to Mexico, due to the accusation that they took away American jobs and lived off public welfare. Consequently, these assumptions continue to be a part of the contemporary stereotypes of affect against Hispanic Americans. Furthermore, many other factors have contributed to the modern-day economic and racial hierarchy of Hispanic Americans in the United States. The established hierarchies have caused the Mexican American community to be stereotyped as the low class and illegal immigrants. For instance, during the 20th century, there was a rapid demand for Mexican migrant workers in southwestern U.S. farmin...
Poverty is rampant in Mexico. As the country rapidly urbanizes, large corporations take over many sources of income for the average citizen, leaving them with no way to support their families. Rural farmers (called Campesinos) take the biggest hit from this method of industrialization as corporations start large farms and put them out of business. (worldsavvy) Masses of penniless Campesinos migrate to the city in search of better opportunities. The cities do not have the resources to support the large number of Campesinos and their families flooding into them, and the workers end up in a situation worse than the one they left. (uleth) Large corporate farms are causing Mexico’s economic disparity and forcing many families to be stuck in a cycle of poverty and substandard living conditions. (Edmonds-Poli, Shirk 269)