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The perception of beauty
Perceptions of beauty
The perception of beauty
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Jamie Cachia Professor Corona 2nd May 2014 Bound for Beauty Under the guise of making themselves attractive to men, Chinese women endured painful foot-binding rituals that left them scarred for life. We may view such a cultural practice as extreme but are twenty-first century women any less bound to androcentric ideas of what is attractive than our forebears? Foot-binding in ancient china was designed to make women dependent on their men and proved to be a symbol of male ownership that restricted women to their homes, since women whose feet were bound could not venture far from home without an escort or the help of servants. This practice, which began with the Tang dynasty in tenth-century China, started with the upper class. Mothers began binding the feet of their daughters as young as five years old. “A girl’s foot was made small, preferably only three inches long, by pressing the four smaller toes under the sole or ball of the foot in order to make it narrower. At the same time it was made shorter by forcing the big toe and heel closer together so that the arch raised in a bow shape. As a result the arch was broken and the foot could bear no weight except on the heel.” (Fairbank, 285). How one could view such deformity as a form of beauty, and endure such pain, suffering, and torture to satisfy what is essentially a sexual fetish, is hard to believe. Even today, women continue to endure pain and suffering in order to satisfy the sexual desires of their men. Is it difficult to see that the idea behind this is control and in many cultures including ours, women are brainwashed into believing the unattractive to be attractive. The practice of foot-binding and how it relates to cultures across the globe may not be jus... ... middle of paper ... ...e lengths to please men. How far have we really come from tenth-century China? We may have changed our mode of torture but based on the evidence women will still go through extreme practices to make themselves attractive to men. Women today will always go above and beyond to look appealing to men. Whether it is minor adjustments such as hair color and makeup to extreme adjustments like plastic surgery and Botox women are continuing to go great lengths to look good for the opposite sex. Fairbank, John king. Footbinding. . . :. , 282-287. Ng, Andrew Hock Soon. "Footbinding and masochism: a psychoanalytical exploration.". . (2004) Women’s Studies Turner, Christena L. “Locating Footbinding: Variations across class and space in the Nineteeth and Early Twentieth Century China” 1997 Journal of historical sociology Encyclopedia Britanica, Body modifications
I will be explaining the role of women in society in Bound Feet and Western Dress. The Chinese have traditions that are generations old and are very serious in their culture. These Chinese traditions have been deeply established. In Bound feet and Western Dress, a dispute between Chinese traditions and Westernization of Chinese women begin to emerge. The women in traditional China were treated unequally and were basically looked upon as property for their husband. The women were taken in by the husband’s family and had to always obey their husband and also had to take orders from the husband’s family as well.
In her article "The body as attire," Dorothy Ko (1997) reviewed the history about foot binding in seventeenth-century China, and expressed a creative viewpoint. Foot binding began in Song Dynasty, and was just popular in upper social society. With the gradually popularization of foot binding, in the end of Song Dynasty, it became generally popular. In Qing Dynasty, foot binding was endowed deeper meaning that was termed into a tool to against Manchu rule. The author, Dorothy Ko, studied from another aspect which was women themselves to understand and explained her shifting meaning of foot binding. Dorothy Ko contends that “Chinese Elite males in the seventeenth century regarded foot binding in three ways: as an expression of Chinese wen civility,
Western Perceptions of Chinese eunuchs have for the most part coincided with the idea of “Oriental Despotism,” the notion that Eastern political systems were inherently authoritarian, repressive, and corrupt. In light of this, palace eunuchs were seen by westerners as a sign of degeneracy and savagery. As historians Yosefa Loshitzky and Ryan Meyuha said in their 1992 journal article “’Ecstasy of Difference’: Bertolucci’s The Last Emperor,” eunuchs were regarded by modern Western audiences as distorted, unnatural ‘rarities’ of a former backwards era who were associated with the oddities of a foreign culture.25 As Westerners came into China during the Qing dynasty, they began to associate eunuchs as an “uncivilized phenomenon” that somehow survived long past its expiration date.26
Traditions in Chinese culture are long-rooted and are taken very seriously from generation to generation. However, there must always be room for modern change in order for society to grow and strive across the globe. In Bound Feet and Western Dress the conflict between Chinese traditions and modern change arises. With this conflict it is important to discuss the different meanings of liberation for men and women and they way in which Chang Yu-I was able to obtain liberation throughout her life.
Face is a critical image to most Chinese. The Chinese are to be obsessed with face as a holy object to be seen by the people. The conclusion here is that failing to abide by the ruling of the gender classification might produce the outcome of the loss of one’s face, further consequence in humiliation not only brought upon self, but to their family also. There is a need to care for and follow the guidelines of the gender system, implying how deeply established it is in
A custom common at the time, it ensured the prevention of growth in the feet of young girls. The coveted result was one of pain and disability, however, was considered one of beauty, prestige, and social standing. Those with bound feet, or "lotus feet," were admired for their dainty feet and the beauty that was acquired through painful bindings around the feet. This is a portrayal of the status of women in society as well as the males' population's perception of women. A representation of the aristocratic hierarchy present in China, the prevalence of those with small feet were often among the wealthy and they possessed a higher position in society as a result of their husband. Due to the nature of the bindings, women would develop a careful and cautious walk composed of tiny steps. The nature of their walk asserted that women were seen as mere items of pleasure to men, as their walk did not enable them to work. This limited mobility may reflect the limitations women suffered in politics and society as they were perceived as less adept and competent as their male counterparts. As items of pleasure and service, the role of women in society may be illustrated in the tradition of foot
Also in China girls are made to bind there feet up at an early age so
... Song times was sometimes blamed on Neo-Confucianism. Foot-binding also began during the Song Dynasty. This is the practice of binding the feet of girls with long strips of cloth to keep them from growing large. Moms wanted them to be judged more beautiful.
The practice of Foot-Binding entered into Mainstream Chinese culture around the 12th and 13th centuries (Feng 236), a time when the emerging conservative movement and the creation of a new social class system severely lowered the status of women. The restructuring of the social class system was driven by new and increased prosperity and created a new and higher standard of living that was enjoyed by the new upper class of scholars and farmers. The higher standard of living of the once lower stature classes and the emergence of the increased emphasis on a women’s chastity, left women only one clear option, that is to use the one thing that could be under their and their families control, that is their bodies. The foot-binding movement and ultimately the anti-foot-binding movement were vehicles for a female voice and participation in the social and political changes of the day. The foot-binding movement was not a fashion statement nor was it an un-sensibly inhumane to the women of china; the foot-binding process was a process that was viewed, as part of one’s culture and that must be continued. It was through this understanding of the necessity of the continuance of the tradition, which women discovered that foot biding was a way for them to gain power and social mobility.
Foot binding – a widespread custom in China that lasted for more than a 1,000 years – involved incredibly tight cloth bindings being applied to the feet of young girls to stifle growth. Women with small feet were deemed beautiful and could marry better if they had “lotus feet”, as they were often referred to. (Steinfeld)
Levy, Howard S. Chinese Footbinding: The History of a Curious Erotic Custom. 1923, Neville Spearman Ltd., London.
Physical appearance of the body has become a fundamental part of identity. To gain social acceptance in society, women feel pressured to meet the standards of what society recalls as beauty. Women have tried to get a liposuction or reconstruct their face to try and attain their significant other's attention and follow what the media depicts as appealing. By eliminating their own individuality, women try to attain this invalid image to feel more confident and feel more accepted. As society becomes more accepting to plastic/cosmetic surgery, women in society will no longer look unique and will become a master race that will eventually brainwash society as individuality will become extinct. This is a result of a woman’s motive to try to obtain the ideals of beauty within society. As John Mason has said, "You were born an original. Don't die a copy" (Mason, 1993).
Throughout the course of history, humans, mostly women, have gone to extreme lengths to make their body the perfect idea of beautiful. With the most early known form of cosmetic surgery dated back to 2000 BC, people have always tried to make their bodys better and more beautiful (Salcido, 2010). Today we may look at these practices as barbaric when in reality we have own own equally disturbing version. With 15 million people going under the knife in 2014, our society today is still striving for beauty as the people did in 2000 BC (ASPS, 2014). However, beauty is a highly subjective term and is ever changing. This then forces us to take a step back and wonder, what are the causes of making people feel so uncomfortable in their own skin that
After the discrediting of confucianism women were more free in the mostly Buddhist societies of the Sui, and Tang Dynasties. After the fall of the Tang there was a big decrease in women’s rights. This is because of the Song revived Confucian ideas which led to patriarchal restrictions on women’s rights. This led to a revival of Han Dynasty type ruling causing nasty notions of submission towards women making men dominant. Due to confucianism it also called up the separation between men and women. Women were seen as distractions to men’s life and if a widow would remarry, but they would have to walk pass two courtyards as a way of shame. The most compelling expression of patriarchy happening during the rule of the Song Dynasty was the act of foot binding. Foot binding involved tight wrapping of young girls feet which broke the bones of the foot and caused intense pain, and all it was for was to make their feet more visually appealing to men by making them look smaller. This shows how deeply patriarchy affected women as they were forced to be under men and were seen as toys to please
“One must suffer in order to be beautiful,” is an idea that has been imposed on women throughout history, resulting in their decision to undergo extremely painful procedures that, at that time lead to them fulfilling their societies ideal form of beauty. Foot binding is one of the many ancient forms of beauty practices that involved an infliction of an excruciating amount of pain upon individuals. Foot binding was practiced in the Chinese culture for around one thousand years. It is a term that refers to an artificial route in stunting the normal growth in women’s feet also, rendering them into an unnatural shape. The effects of this inhumane practice were not worth the beauty